APES Review Packet

2016
Developed by David Hong
TAFT APES Experienced Teacher Workshop
July 2016
# 1 - 16
Doug Errett
1.Use the axes to the right for the following:
a. Draw and label a line that represents linear growth.
b. Draw and label a line that represents exponential growth.
CHINA USA

INDIA INDONESIA
3.Define the term ecological footprint, what types of countries
have low and high ecological footprints?
a. The amount of productive land and resources needed to
supply a population with the renewable resources it uses
and dispose of the waste it generates.
i. A measure of the avg environmental impact of a
population
The Rule of 70 is a quick way to calculate the doubling time of
a population if you know the annual percentage growth rate.
It is calculated by dividing 70 by the annual growth rate:
DT = 70/G Where: DT = Doubling time (yrs)
r = growth rate (% per year)
For example, if the population growth rate is 1.5%, the
doubling time will be:
DT = 70/1.5 = 46.7 years
Similarly, you can calculate the percentage growth rate of a
population of you know the doubling time:
r = 70/DT
A quick YouTube vid on the Rule of 70
Using the Rule of 70 from the previous example:

G = 2% DT = 70/2 = 35 years

Answer = Year 2047 @ 100,000

Year 2082 @ 200,000
Using the Rule of 70 from the previous example:

DT = 20 years G = 70/20 = 3.5 %

7.Identify three examples of renewable resources and three
examples of nonrenewable resources.

Renewable:
8. Forestry/Lumber
9. Wind power
10.Solar energy

Nonrenewable:
11.Coal
12.Petroleum
13.Mineral resources (metals)
An estimate of the avg number of children to which women in
a population will give birth during her childbearing years

The avg # of children a couple must bear to replace

themselves (normally just above 2)

The number of infants born (out of 1,000 total) that die during
their first year

Annual live births per 1,000 people in a population

Annual deaths per 1,000 people in a population

9.Describe the circumstances that will result in a Tragedy of
the Commons.
10.Describe an example of a Tragedy of the Commons.
r = (Total incoming - Total Outgoing) 1000

Incoming = 45 + (1000 * 0.01) = 55

Outgoing = 20 + (1000* 0.005) = 25

r = (55 - 25) 1000 = 3%

13. Describe an example of a positive feedback loop.
Global climate change has lead to a decrease in average
polar ice cap extent, which has exposed more ocean water.
This has led to a both a decrease in albedo (reflectivity) of
incoming sunlight and an increase in heat absorption by the
oceans, both of which will contribute to continued loss of
polar ice, and the cycle accelerates.
14.Use the axes below to draw and label lines representing the
birth rate, death rate and total population size during the
idealized demographic transition of a country. Include, written
directly onto the graph, the names of each phase and TWO
explanations for each change in the birth rate and death rate
for each phase.
15.On the axes below, draw and completely label four age-structure
diagrams (pop pyramids) that represent slow growth, rapid growth,
negative growth, & zero population growth (include labels on the
x- and y-axes)
16.Describe an example of a negative feedback
loop.
a. Warmer average global temperature lead to
greater evaporation of surface water. This
could in turn lead to increased cloud formation,
which then increases albedo (reflectivity) and
thereby decreases warming.
#17-60
Jenine Winslow
17. Arrange the following types of electromagnetic
radiation in order from lowest to highest energy:
a: Radio; microwave; infrared; visible; ultraviolet;
x-ray; gamma
18. List the following types of visible light in order
from shortest to longest wavelength
a. Violet; blue; green; yellow; orange; red
19. Identify three examples of organic
compounds and three examples of inorganic
compounds.

a. Organic * Inorganic
Hydrocarbons Ammonia
Simple sugars Carbon Dioxide
Methane Nitric Acid

*contain at least 2, carbon combined with atoms

of one or more elements (methane only exception
with 1 carbon
20. Using the axes on the right, draw and label
three survivorship curves exemplifying early-loss,
late-loss, and constant-loss species. Give two
examples of organisms that exhibit each type of
survivorship curve.
21. List three consequences of global warming.

a. 1: flooding - sea level rise

2: degrading food & water supplies- falling
water tables, drought, wildfires, etc.
3. Spread of disease outside of normal ranges-
ie. malaria out of the tropics

22. List 3 things you could do to decrease your

contribution to global warming.

b. 1. Improve energy efficiency - decrease need

for fossil fuels - energy efficient appliances
2. Walk or bike when possible
3. Eat less meat - avoids methane from
livestock farms - as well as CO2 involved in cattle
feed production
23. List 4 greenhouse gases

a. 1. CH4/ methane

2. H20/water

3. N2O/nitrous oxide

4. CO2/ carbon dioxide

25. Human began agriculture approximately
12,500 years ago.

26. A man-made product is also known as

anthropogenic.

27. The molecular formula of ozone is O3.

28. In the box below, write out a series of

chemical equation that illustrate the destruction of
the ozone in the ozone layer.

2O3 + UV = 3O2 (natural interaction with sunlight)

or
UV + CFC = CL
CL + O3 = O2 + CLO
O + CLO = O2 + CL
29. The acronym HCFC refers to hydro chloro fluoro
carbon, which is: a group of organic compounds that
contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine & hydrogen, used
as refrigerants and in place of CFCs. HCFCs have a
shorter lifespan and deliver less reactive CL to the
stratosphere than CFCs

30. Identify three examples of biotic and abiotic

components of an ecosystem:

Biotic: Abiotic:
1. Plants 1. Soil
2. Animals 2. Water
3. Bacteria 3. Rock
30.
32. Write the balanced chemical equations for
photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

33. The approximate age of the Earth is 4.5 billion

years.
34. Zebra mussel: invasive - takes over an area,
reproduces rapidly, not native

American alligator: keystone - foundation species -

creates habitats (keystone: has a strong
influence/importance to ecosystem, regardless of
abundance

Norway rat: generalist - broad niche, reproduce in high

numbers; r-strategist

Galapagos tortoise: endemic - habitat in one area; prone

to extinction

Tiger salamander: indicator - early indicators of an

environmental stressor

Giant Panda: specialist - narrow niche, more prone to

extinction, k-strategist
35. Define the term biodiversity:
a. The variety of genes in a particular habitat or
ecosystem

36. Define the term biome

b. Naturally occurring community of flora and fauna
occupying a major habitat

37. What main factors determine the type of biome an

area will have?
c. Climate and geography (latitude/longitude/elevation)
38. Describe the circumstances that will result in cultural
eutrophication.
a. 1. Excess nutrients enter H2O via runoff from farms,
golf courses, etc. (N & P)
2. Excell nutrients cause algal blooms
3. As algae decompose, bacteria proliferate to break
down decaying organic matter
4. The bacteria use all of the dissolved O2 during
respiration, creating a hypoxic environment, killing fish.
39. Explain HOW the increasing concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification.
Include a chemical equation in your answer.

a. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid): CO2 is absorbed

from the atmosphere and condenses with water vapor
in the troposphere to form clouds. The acidic water
falls as precipitation and leads to ocean acidification.

can cause coral bleaching, death of marine life,

amplifies global climate change - kills phytoplankton
40.
41.
42. NO: nitric oxide
NO2- : nitrite ion

NO2+ : nitronium ion

N2: nitrogen gas

NH4+: ammonium

NOx: nitrogen oxides

NO2: nitrogen dioxide

NO3-: nitrate

N2O: dinitrogen monoxide

NH3: ammonia

HNO : nitric acid

43. Picture of house...
 44. The % change in the per capita global
production of protein from poultry between 1980 and
2000 was approx 92.3%
25-13=12; 12/13=.923 *100%
45. from
farmed fish
between 1980
and 2000 was
approx 500%

12-2 = 10; 10/2

= 5 *100%

46. from beef between 1961-2009 was

approximately 5% (21-20/20)
47. The founder of the Sierra Club was John Muir.

48. Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring to

raise peoples awareness of the harmful effects of the
pesticide DDT.

49. The acronym ENSO refers to El Nio Southern

Oscillation, a phenomenon that occurs in the Pacific
Ocean.
 50. Place the following nine events in chronological
order, beginning with the most recent:

1. Deepwater Horizon: 2010

2. Kyoto Protocol: 1997
3. Exxon Valdez: 1989
4. Montreal Protocol: 1/1/1989
5. Chernobyl: 1986
6. Bhopal: 1984
7. Love Canal: 1978
8. Endangered Species Act: 1973
9. Earth Day: 1970
51. The acronym BOD refers to biological oxygen
demand, which is the amount of dissolved oxygen that
must be present in water in order for microorganisms to
decompose organic matter in the water.

52. The acronym GMO refers to genetically modified

organism, which is organisms in which the genetic
material has been altered in a way that does not occur
naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.
53. If the grasses on a 100-hectare area of grassland
grow at an ave. rate of 1 cm/day, the ave. volume of
grass that is added to the grassland each day is 10,000
m3. If the density of the grasses that grow in the
grassland averages 400 kg/m3, the net primary
productivity is approximately 4,000 g/m2/day or
1,460,000 g/m2/year.
54. A 40 m2 solar array is installed on a house where the
average insolation (exposure to the suns rays) is 6
kWh/m2/day if the average total electricity output of the
array is 1.2 kWh/hr; the efficiency of the array is 12%.
55. What can be inferred from this graph

As more females are educated and empowered, they

will be able to make decisions about when & how
many children to have; lowering TFR
56. The first National Park was Yellowstone National Park.

57. Match the ten most populous urban areas in the

world with its respective continent.

Asia N. America *None in

Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mex Africa,
Osaka/Kobe, Japan Los Angeles, USA Australia,
Tokyo, Japan Europe, or
Seoul, South Korea S. America Antarctica
Jakarta, Indonesia Sao Paulo, Brazil
Delhi, India
Shanghai, China
58. Watershed: land area that delivers water, sediment,
and dissolved substances via small streams to a major
stream (river)

Clean Air Act: US federal law designed to control air

pollution. Requires the EPA to develop and enforce
regulations against airborne pollutants known to be
hazardous to human health.

Clean Water Act: 1972: The EPA is charged with

implementing pollution control programs and ensure
water quality standards for surface waters. Does not
protect groundwater, wells or artificial lakes.

Safe Drinking Water Act: 1974: the EPA sets standards to

protect drinking water against contaminants like animal
wastes, chemical wastes, etc. Does not cover private
wells.
58. cont.
El Nio: an irregular occurring & complex series of
climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region &
beyond every few years. (tradewinds weaken or reverse)

Baghouse filter: air pollution control device that removes

particulates out of air or gas released from commercial
processes or combustion from electricity generation.

Electrostatic precipitator: a device that removes

suspended dust particles from a gas or exhaust by
applying a high voltage electrostatic charge & collecting
the particles on charged plates.

Dioxin: toxic compound produced during combustion

process like waste incineration, forest fires, and backyard
trash burning. As well as paper bleaching & herbicide
manufacturing
58. cont.
Safe Drinking Water Act: 1974: the EPA sets standards to
protect drinking water against contaminants like animal
wastes, chemical wastes, etc. Does not cover private
wells.

El Nio: an irregular occurring & complex series of

climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region &
beyond every few years. (tradewinds weaken or reverse)

Baghouse filter: air pollution control device that removes

particulates out of air or gas released from commercial
processes or combustion from electricity generation.

Electrostatic precipitator:
59. 3 sources of mathan that are amplified by human
activities are:

1. cattle farms
2. landfills
3. natural gas and petroleum emissions
60.
#61-86
Katie Fielding
 catalytic
61. NO2 is converted to N2 and O 2
converter
in
hydrocarb
a _____________ _____,
ons
which also
CO and H O
converts _____________ to
2 2

____________.

--Eliminate NOx and VOCs to lower

photochemical smog
62. Explain the causes of an urban heat
island.
Impermeable surfaces (roads, buildings, etc.)
replace porous natural surfaces.
Sun can heat roads and asphalt much hotter
than air temps.
Increased levels of air pollutants (GHG) trap heat.
63. Perform the following calculations: (Show all of
your work.)
A. A rectangular area of forest B. A 60-Watt light bulb that is
that measures 10 thousand used for an average of 4 hours
meters by 300 thousand each day uses 87.6 kilowatt-
meters has an area of 3.0 x hours of electricity per year.
10^3 square kilometers.
60W 1hW 4hrs 365
10,000m x 300,000m=
days
3x10^9 m^2 x
1km/1x10^6m^2=3.0 x 10^3

100 1 1yea
0W day r
64. List two characteristics of an r-selected species.
65. List two characteristics of a K-selected species.
Endangered/Extinct Species
66. A Pacific Yew is a/an conifer tree and it is endangered
because of the following:
Overharvesting to produce breast/lung cancer drug.
67. A Piping Plover is a/an bird and it is endangered because of
the following:
Habitat destruction of nesting areas due to coastal development.
Noise/disturbance caused females to abandon their nests.
68. An Orangutan is a/an ape and it is endangered because of
the following:
Habitat destruction caused by deforestation for palm oil.
69. A Dodo was a/an bird and it is extinct because of the
70. A company is importing rare tropical hardwood to manufacture
furniture, list three laws, regulations, treaties, or acts that the company
may have violated.
1. CITES: International Trade of Endangered Species
2. Lacey Act: prohibits the interstate transport of wild
animals w/o permit
3. Kyoto Protocol: Commit to reduce GHG emissions,
production of lumber does the opposite.
71. Whaling is justified in the name of
scientific research, by the countries of
___________ and ___________.
Norway
Iceland
Japan
 72. Complete table
Ecosys An economically
tem
Compo
valuable ecosystem
nent service it provides

hon Pollination:
ey Orchards
bee
wat Purifcation,
er transport of
cycl nutrients
e
Purification
fore of air and
st soil, erosion
prevention
Pollinate
73. Two islands, different distances from the mainland have different
rates of extinction, this is explained by the theory of island
biogeography.
74. Dredging is an ecologically damaging fishing technique typically
used to harvest scallops, crabs, and shrimp from the sea floor.
75. 71% of the Earth is covered with water. Of all the water on Earth
96.5% of it is saltwater, 69% is frozen, and 1% is available and
relatively accessible.
76. Arrange the following particles in order
of smallest to largest: clay, sand, silt
77. What are the 3 most commonly
produced grains?
1. Corn
2. Wheat
3. Rice
78. List four innovations that characterized
the Green revolution.

1. Artificial Selection/GMOs
2. Irrigation
3. Synthetic Pesticides/Herbicides
4. Synthetic fertilizers
79

Match the following:

a. anemia iron deficiency A
b. goiter vitamin A deficiency E
c. scurvy vitamin D deficiency D
d. rickets iodine deficiency B
e. blindness vitamin C deficiency C
80. Use the axes below to draw and label
an illustration of the pesticide treadmill,
make sure to label predator, pest and
application of pesticide.
81. Explain out the process of the pesticide
treadmill and the creation of superbugs.
Because organisms can become resistant to pesticides, farmers are
caught on a treadmill of having to use stronger and stronger chemicals.
Overtime pests become resistant to pesticides and therefore are termed
SUPER. This has been showed to happen with GMO crops engineered
for use with herbicide.
82. Explain how the biomagnification of
DDT led to the (near) demise of the Bald
Eagle
DDT alterspopulation in the
the calcium metabolism US. birds, causing thinning
in female
shells, prone to cracking during incubation.

Small prey animals to the bald eagles ate plants sprayed w/DDT, this
biomagification up the food chain, with bald eagles having high levels in
their fatty tissues.
83. List three things you could do to
conserve water.
1.Eat lower in the food
chain (less H20 intensive
foods)

2.Use gray water to flush

toilet or landscape.

3.Low flow appliances.

4.Only do full loads of wash.

84. Perform the following calculations:
(Show all of your work.)
A family of 5 replaces a 6-gallon/minute
showerhead with a new 2-gallon/minute
low-flow showerhead. If every member of
the family takes one 10-minute shower
per day, the family will save 73,000
gallons of water in one year.
6-2 gallons=4gallons /min saved
4 gal/min x 10 min shower x 5 people x
200 gal x 365 days
A family has a rectangular swimming pool
that measures 15 feet by 20 feet. If water
evaporates from the pool at a rate of 50
gallons per square foot per year and a
pool cover will reduce evaporation by 90
percent, the family can save 13,500
gallons of water per year by using a pool
cover.
15 ft x 20 ft= 300 ft^2
300ft^2 x 50gal/ft=15,000 gallons/year
lost
15,000 x .9= 13,500 gallons saved.
85. Define the following:

pH: A measure of the acidity or alkiniity of a solution, 0-7 acid, 7-14

base
Turbidity: Measure of water clarity
Water hardness: Measure of the ammount of calcium and
magnesium dissolved in water
Biological oxygen demand: Amount of dissolved oxygen needed by
aerobic biological organisms in a body of water
Organic waste: biodegradable waste that can be broken down within a
reasonable amount of time
Cholera: Bacterial disease causing diarrhea and dehydration, usually
spread by fecal matter. Common in developing countries.
Schistosomiasis: Chronic disease endemic to Africa and South
America. Caused by blood fluke released by snails.
86. Label the following diagram of a
sewage treatment plant and list the items
removed at each step.
#87-112
Joe Helpern
87. In the box below, list the ranks of coal
in order from highest to lowest energy
content. (indicate the direction in the box.)

Lower Energy Higher Energy

88. List three air pollutants that are
emitted during the burning of coal:

A.Sulfur Dioxide
B.Nitrogen Oxides
C.Carbon Dioxide
89. List 5 products that are derived
primarily from crude oil:

Tar
Asphalt
Gasoline
Diesel
Kerosene
90. The acronym OPEC refers to
_Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries, which is important because:

Motto: To coordinate and unify the

petroleum policies of its member countries
and ensure the stabilization of oil markets,
in order to secure an efficient, economic
and regular supply of petroleum to
consumers, a steady income to producers,
and a fair return on capital for those
investing in the petroleum industry.
91. Fracking is a common name for
__Hydraulic Fracturing__ and it is a concern
because
It forces open fissures in the
subterranean rocks by introducing liquid
of high pressure to extract oil of gas.
Concerns include: groundwater
contamination, ground instability,
release of methane.
92. The acronym ANWR refers to...Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge. Its impotant
because

It was established in 1960 to preserve

biodiversity, ensure a place for hunting and
gathering, protest water quality, and follow
international wildlife treaties. It contains
the largest designated wildlife area in the
U.S.
93. The Keystone Pipeline refers to.... an oil
pipeline system in Canada and the United
States, commissioned in 2010. It runs from
the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas,
and also to oil tank farms and an oil
pipeline distribution center in Cushing,
Oklahoma.

Its important because...while the first 2

phases of the project allowed the
production of almost 600,000 barrels of oil,
it increases the potential for oil spills and
94. Perform the following calculations:
(Show all of your work in a logical
progression to the final answer.)

A family has a total of 1500 Watts of light bulbs throughout their

house, if they replace them all with LED light bulbs, which use
90% less energy, the family will now use ___150__________ Watts
of electricity.
Show work:

1500 x .10 = 150 watts

A space heater operates at 1500 Watts, if it is used for 10 hours

each day for one week and the cost of electricity is 20 cents per
kilowatt-hour, it will cost _____$21.00________ to operate the
heater for the week.
Show work:
95. The Acronym CAFE refers to...The
Corporate Average Fuel Economy, which is
important because

They are regulations in the US which are

intended to improve average fuel economy
of cars and light trucks which are produced
in the US.
96. Silicon is the structural element in
most photovoltaic cells.
97. List four things you could do to
conserve energy.
(1) Energy efficient appliances
(2) Switch to LED light bulbs
(3) Walk, bike, or carpool whenever
possible
(4) Double paned, southward facing
windows
 98. Complete the following chart:
Minin Description Environmen
g tal
Techn consequence
ique s

Removing
minerals Land above
such as sleared,
gravel sand, habitat
Open- or metal ore destruction,
Pit by digging erosion and
minin out of the runoff
g earth surface
surface and water, acid
leaving an mine
open pit drainage
behind

Extraction
of a metal
Subsu Cave ins,
ore or fuel
rface explosions,
such as coal
minin fires, black
from deep
g lung
undergroun
d deposits

Form of
99. Explain what happened at three-mile
island and why it was important:
Mining causes many environmental issues.
The main pollutant from mining include air
pollution: CO2, SO2, NO2, particulates,
CH4 (methane gas)
Soil / water pollution from runoff: sediment,
sulfuric acid, mercury, arenic, cyanide
(gold)
100. Explain how thermal pollution is
produced by power plants:

In most power plants, heat is produced

when coal, oil, and gas are burned to
release huge amounts of energy. This
energy heats water, which generates
steam, which turns a turbine, which
produces electricity. This steam must be
cold and condensed back to water. Cooling
water is added to hot stream and this is
then added to nearby lakes, streams, and
rivers.
101. Explain what happened at Fukushima
Daiichi and why it is significant:

Occured on March 2011, in Okumej

Fukushima, Japan. An initial failure occured
when the plant was hit by a tsunami,
triggered by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake.
Meltdowns occured in 3/6 reators, No
fatalities or short term radiation exposure
were reported.
102. Perform the following calculation.
Show all of your work. A radioactive cloud
may contain Iodine-131, which has a half-
life of 8 days. If the waste must decay to a
concentration of less than 0.1% to be
considered safe, it will take approximately
__80__ days to reach safe levels.
Show work:

100 - 50 - 25 - 12.5 - 6.25 - 3.13 - 1.56 - 0.78 -

0.39 - 0.195 - 0.097

10 half lives = 8 x 10 = 80 days

103. Perform the following calculation.
(Show all of your work in a logical
progression to the final answer.) A family
has a 75 m2 solar array on their house,
which has an efficiency of 10%. If the
average insolation on their array is 6
kWh/m2/day and their average cost of
electricity is 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, the
family has the capacity to produce
_________ worth of electricity daily, and
_________ annually, from the sun.
Show work:
104. For each of the following substances,
draw an arrow that points to an
unambiguous location along the line,
below, representing pH:
orange juice; normal rain; ammonia; lime (calcium carbonate); sulfuric
acid; acid rain; human blood.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
105. Explain what evapotranspiration is
and why its significant:

The process by which water is transferred

from the land to the atmosphere by
evaporation from the soil and other
surfaces by transpiration from plants.
Responsible for 10% of atmospheric water
vapor.
106. What is different about growing plants
hydroponically?

Hydroponics is the process of growing

plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added
nutrients, but without soil.
107. Write a series of chemical reactions
that leads to the formation of tropospheric
ozone in photochemical smog:

NOx + VOC + Sunlight ------> O3

108. The acronym POP refers to Persistent
Organic Pollutants which is:

Organic compounds that are resistant to

environmental degradation, POPs
biomagnify, examples (pesticides). They
are regulated by Stockholm Convention.
109. Explain what a watershed is and why
its important:

Land area that delivers water, sediment,

and dissolved substances via small
streams, to a major stream or river.
110. List two environmental benefits of
wetlands:

Flood control
Natural filter
111. Explain how electricity is produced by
a dam:
112. List four characteristics that will result
in waste being classified as hazardous

Poisonous
Chemically Reactive
Corrosive
Flammable
#113-126
Erick Sussin
113. What is a wet scrubber and how does it work?

a wet scrubber is a device that removes pollutants

from a gas stream (like furnace flues). The gas
stream is brought in contact with a scrubbing liquid,
capturing them in the liquid droplets. This final liquid
must be treated before it is released.
114. Write a series of chemical reactions that leads to the formation of acid rain

(simple answer) (simple answer)

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) NO2 + H2OHNO3 (nitric acid)

(detailed answer)
(detailed answer)
C + O2CO2
N2 + O2 2NO
2C + O2 2CO
2NO + O22NO2
S + O2SO2
3NO2 + H2O2HNO3 (nitric acid) + NO
2SO2+ O2 2SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

115. Kwashiorkor is: AKA bi-lateral
oedema
Kwashiorkor is a life-threatening and debilitating form of malnutrition. Its caused
by a lack of protein in the diet. It is commonly seen in low- and lower-middle-
income regions facing famine. It is also known as edematous malnutrition
because of its association with edema (fluid retention).
People suffering from kwashiorkor typically have an extremely emaciated
appearance in all body parts except their ankles, feet, and belly, which swell
with fluid.

(source: healthline.com)
116. Marasmus is: AKA wasting

A rapid deterioration in nutritional status in a short time can lead to marasmus,

one form of acute malnutrition.

Marasmus is the most common form of acute malnutrition in nutritional

emergencies and, in its severe form, can very quickly lead to death if
untreated.

It is characterised by severe wasting of fat and muscle which the body breaks
down to make energy.

Skin and bones appearance

(source: unicef.org)
117. If the cost of gas is $3.50 per gallon and the average
gas mileage of a car is 25 mpg, the cost of driving the car per
mile is _____________ $/mi, or _____________ /mi.

$3.50
________ 1 gallon $0.14 100
______ X ______ 14
______
X = =
gallon 25 miles mile 1$ mile
118. The acronym NIMBY refers to _____________
_____________ _____________ _____________
_____________, which is:

Not In My Back Yard, which is opposition by

residents to a proposal for a new development
because it is too close to them, even though it is
needed by society (i.e. landfills, power plants, etc.)
119. Identify significant sources of the following air
pollutants:

Formaldehyde: emitted from many building materials (plywood, particleboard,

paneling, high-gloss wood), and various household products (furniture, drapes,
upholstery, adhesives in carpeting and wallpaper)

Radon: this is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that is produced by natural

radioactive decay of uranium-238, small amounts of which are contained in most
rocks and soils

Mercury: from coal-burning power plants

Carbon monoxide: outdoors: motor vehicle exhaust, indoors: faulty furnaces,

unvented gas stoves, kerosene heaters, wood stoves

Nitrous oxide: outdoors: motor vehicle exhaust, indoors: faulty furnaces, unvented
gas stoves, kerosene heaters, wood stoves
120. List three specific health effects of lead on humans.

Lead is a potent neurotoxin that can cause palsy and/or

paralysis, blindness, and mental retardation
121. What was the Green Revolution and why is it
important?

The Green Revolution first started from 1950-1970. It involved the introduction of
scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, corn) that, with
adequate inputs of fertilizer and water, greatly increased crop yields. This allowed
the growing Earths population to continue in exponential growth.

The second Green Revolution has been happening since 1967 and it involves
fast-growing varieties of rice and wheat, specially bred for tropical and sub-tropical
climates of India, China, and Brazil.
122. Label the four major zones of life in the appropriate
areas on the diagram representing a temperate lake in the
box to the right.
123. List three disinfectants that are commonly used to
make drinking water safe during in the water treatment
process.

chlorine, UV light, and ozone

124. On the circle to the right, draw out 0, 30, 60 and 90
degree latitude lines. Draw and label the Polar, Hadley and
Ferrell cells, with the proper circulation pattern for each
(clockwise or counterclockwise)

90o

90o
125. In the box below, write the chemical equation for the
formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of water with
carbon dioxide.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

126. Identify two places in the environment where the
reaction, CO2 + H2O H2CO3 occurs naturally.

1. in the oceans
2. in blood