Group

Members
Danial Zafar Gondal 13-ME-027
Ehtisham Qaiser 13-ME-031
Faizan Shabbir 13-ME-032
Asif Mehboob 13-ME-034

5/8/17 2
 Head Losses
Definition
Dimensional Analysis
Types
Darcy Weisbech Equation
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Causes
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 Head Loss
Head loss is loss of energy per
unit weight.
Head = Energy of Fluid /
Weight
Head losses can be
Kinetic Head

Potential Head

Pressure Head

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 Kinetic Head
K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v /2g

Potential Head
P.H = Potential Energy / Weight =
mgz /mg = z

Pressure Head
P.H = P/ g

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Dimensional Analysis
(P/ g) + (v /2g ) + (z) = constant

(FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) =
constant
(L) + (L) + (L) = constant
As L represent height so it is
dimensionally L.

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 Head Loss
However the equation
(P/ g) + (v /2g ) + (z) = constant
Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow
case. As we are studying viscous flow
so
(P1/ g) + (v1 /2g ) + (z1) =
EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1)
(P2/ g) + (v2 /2g ) + (z2) =
EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2)
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 Head Loss
For Inviscid Flow

EGL1 - EGL2= 0

For Viscous Flow

EGL1 - EGL2= Hf

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 MAJOR
LOSSES IN
PIPES
 Friction Loss
Friction loss is the loss of energy or head that
occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects
generated by the surface of the pipe.
Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss"
In mechanical systems such as internal
combustion engines, it refers to the power lost
overcoming the friction between two moving
surfaces.
This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear
stress () between the fluid and pipe surface.

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 Friction Loss
The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on
whether the flow is turbulent or laminar.
For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is
dependent on the roughness of the surface.
In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall
are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin
viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface
that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar
flow, this viscous layer is non-existent.

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 Friction Loss
Frictional head losses are losses due to shear
stress on the pipe walls. The general equation
for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-
Weisbach equation, which is


where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L =
length of pipe,
D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional
average flow velocity.
This equation is valid for pipes of any diameter
and for both laminar and turbulent flows.

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 Friction Loss
For Laminar Flow

For Turbulent Flow

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 MINOR
LOSSES IN
PIPES
 In addition to head loss due to friction, there are
always other head losses due to pipe expansions
and contractions, bends, valves, and other pipe
fittings. These losses are usually known as minor
losses (hLm).

In case of a long pipeline, the minor losses maybe

negligible compared to the friction losses,
however, in the case of short pipelines, their
contribution may be significant.
 Losses caused by fittings, bends,
valves, etc
 Minor in comparison to friction losses
which are considered major.
Losses are proportional to velocity
of flow, geometry of device.

HL = K (v /2g)

The value of K is typically provided

for various devices.
Energy lost units m or ft
K - loss factor - has no units
(dimensionless).
 Minor Losses Are
Due to hLm K
V2
where , 2g
HLm = minor loss Type K
Exit (pipe to tank) 1.0
K = minor loss Entrance (tank to 0.5
pipe)
coefficient 90 elbow 0.9
45 elbow 0.4
V = mean flow velocity T-junction 1.8
Gate valve 0.25 - 25
Typical K values
 Sudden
Enlargement
As fluid flows from a smaller pipe into a larger pipe
through sudden enlargement, its velocity abruptly
decreases; causing turbulence that generates an
energy loss.

The amount of turbulence, and therefore the

amount of energy, is dependent on the ratio of the
sizes of the two pipes.
 Energy lost is because of turbulence.
Amount of turbulence depends on the differences
in pipe diameters.

HL = K (v /2g)

The values of K have been experimentally

determined and provided in Figure and Table
 Analytical expression of K - If the velocity v1 <
1.2 m/s or 4 ft/s, the K values can be given as :

K = [ 1-(A1/A2) ] = [ 1-(D1/D2) ]
As previous table consist of practical values
therefore theoretical formulas are different for
different values & above mentioned formula is
applicable at 1.2 m/s velocity.
Sudden Contraction
Decrease in pipe diameter

Note that the loss is related to the velocity in the

second (smaller) pipe!
 The section at which the flow is the narrowest Vena
Contracta
At vena contracta, the velocity is maximum.
 Energy losses for sudden contraction are less than those for sudden
enlargement.
Comparison
Gradual Contraction
Again a gradual
contraction will
lower the energy
loss (as opposed
to sudden
contraction). is
called the cone
angle.
 Exit Loss
Case of where pipe enters a tank a very large
enlargement.
The tank water is assumed to be stationery, that
is, the velocity is zero.
Therefore all kinetic energy in pipe is dissipated,
therefore K =1.0
 Gradual Enlargement
If the enlargement is gradual (as opposed to our
previous case) the energy losses are less.
The loss again depends on the angle of
enlargement.
Entrance Losses
Fluid moves from zero velocity in tank
to v.
5/8/17 32
 Causes
Head loss has several causes, including:
Losses depend on the conditions of flow and the
physical properties of the system.
Movement of fluid molecules against each other

Movement of fluid molecules against the inside

surface of a pipe or the like, particularly if the inside
surface is rough, textured, or otherwise not smooth
Bends and other sharp turns in piping

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 Causes
In pipe flows the losses due to friction are of
two kinds:
Skin-friction
This is due to the roughness of the inner part of
the pipe where the fluid comes in contact with
the pipe material
Form-friction
It is due to obstructions present in the line of
flow perhaps a bend, control valve, or anything
that changes the course of motion of the flowing
fluid.

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 THANK YOU

ANY QUESTION PLEASE

???

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