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Chapter

Two

McGraw- 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All

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Describing Data: Frequency Distributions

and Graphic Presentation
GOALS
When you have completed this chapter, you will be
able to:

ONE
Organize data into a frequency distribution.
TWO
Portray a frequency distribution in a histogram, frequency
polygon, and cumulative frequency polygon.

THREE
Present data using such graphic techniques as line charts,
bar charts, and pie charts.
Goals
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A Frequency Distribution is a
grouping of data into mutually exclusive
categories showing the number of
observations in each class.

Frequency Distribution
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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Decide the number of classes

Determine the class interval or class
width
Set the individual class limit
Tally the variables into the classes
Count the number of items in each class
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Class Midpoint: A point that divides a class into

two equal parts. This is the average of the upper and
lower class limits.

Class interval: The

Class Frequency: class interval is
The number of obtained by subtracting
observations in each the lower limit of a
class. class from the lower
limit of the next class.
The class intervals
should be equal.
Definitions
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Example # 1: Mr. Karim of Khulna Automobiles wants to
some tables, charts, and graph. The following tables shows
the selling prices of 80 vehicles.
Tk.23197 Tk. 23372 Tk. 20,454 Tk. 23,591 Tk. 26,651 Tk. 27,453 Tk. 17,266

18,021 28,683 30,872 19,587 23,169 35,851 19,251

20,047 24,285 24,324 24,609 28,670 15,546 19,935

19,873 25,251 25,277 28,034 24,533 27,443 19,889

20,004 17,357 20,155 19,688 23,657 26,613 20,895

20,203 23,765 25,783 25,661 32,277 20,642 21,981

24,052 25,799 15,794 18,263 35,925 17,399 17,968

20,356 21,442 21,722 19,331 22,817 19,766 20,633

20,962 22,845 26,285 27,896 29,076 32,492 18,890

21,740 22,374 24,571 25,499 28,337 20,642 23,613

24,220 30,655 22,442 17,891 20,817 26,237 20,445

21,556 21,639 24,296

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Step One: Decide on the number of classes using

the formula
2k > n
where k=number of classes
n=number of observations

oThere are 80 observations so n=80.

oTwo raised to the seven power is 128.

oTherefore, we should have at least 7

classes, i.e., k=7.

Example 1 continued
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Two Determine the class interval or

Step Two:
width using the formula

i > H L = 35,925 15,546 = Tk. 2,911

k 7

where H=highest value, L=lowest value

Round up for an interval of Tk. 30000.

Set the lower limit of the first class at Tk.3000 ,

giving a total of 7 classes.

Example 1 continued
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Step Three:
Three Set the individual class limits

1. Use the words Up to between two limits of a

class. (10 up to 15, 15 up to 20)

2. Exclusive method- Observation exactly equal to

the upper limit is not included in that class ( 10-
15, 15 -20)

1. Inclusive method Upper limit of one class is

included in that class ( 10-14, 15-19)
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Steps Four and Five:
Five Tally and count the number of
items in each class.

EXAMPLE 1 continued
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The Observations are Following

1. The selling price is ranged from Tk. 15,000 up to
about Tk. 36,000

2. The selling prices are concentrated between Tk.

18,000 and Tk. 27,000. A total of 58, or 72.5 percent
of the vehicles sold within this range.

3. The largest concentration, or highest frequency, is in

the Tk. 18,000 up to Tk. 21,000 class. The middle of
the class is Tk. 19,500. So we say the typical selling
price is Tk. 19,500

4. Two of the vehicles sold for Tk. 33,000 or more, and 8

sold for less than Tk. 18,000.
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Class Midpoint:
Midpoint find the midpoint of each interval, use the following
formula:
Upper limit + lower limit
2
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A Relative Frequency Distribution shows the

percent of observations in each class.

Example 1 continued
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The three commonly used graphic forms are

Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and a
Cumulative Frequency distribution.

A Histogram is a graph in which the class

midpoints or limits are marked on the horizontal
axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis.
The class frequencies are represented by the heights
of the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent to each
other.

Graphic Presentation of a
Frequency Distribution
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Graphic Presentation of a Frequency

Distribution

A Frequency Polygon consists of

line segments connecting the points
formed by the class midpoint and the
class frequency.

Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution

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Class Midpoint:
Midpoint The Class mid point with frequency is presented blow
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Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A Cumulative To create a
Frequency cumulative
Distribution is frequency polygon,
scale the upper limit
used to determine
how many or what of each class along
proportion of the the X-axis and the
data values are corresponding
cumulative
below or above a
frequencies along
certain value.
the Y-axis.
Cumulative Frequency distribution
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Cumulative Frequency Table for Selling Prices

Cumulative frequency table

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Line graphs are typically used to show the

change or trend in a variable over time.

Line Graphs
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Example 3 continued
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A Bar Chart can be used to depict any of the

levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or
ratio).
Construct a bar chart for the number of unemployed per
100,000 population for selected cities during 2001
City Number of unemployed
per 100,000 population
Atlanta, GA 7300
Boston, MA 5400
Chicago, IL 6700
Los Angeles, CA 8900
New York, NY 8200
Washington, D.C. 8900
Bar Chart
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Bar Chart for the Unemployment Data

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Points to be Kept in Mind in

Constructing Bar Diagram

The width of the bars should be uniform

throughout the diagram.
The gap between one bar and another should be
uniform throughout.
Bars may be horizontal or vertical
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A Pie Chart is useful for displaying a relative frequency

distribution. A circle is divided proportionally to the relative
frequency and portions of the circle are allocated for the
different groups.
A sample of 200 runners were asked to indicate their favorite type of
running shoe. Draw a pie chart based on the following information.

Pie Chart
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Pie Chart for Running Shoes

Pie Chart for Running Shoes

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Stem-and-leaf Displays

Stem-and-leaf Note: an
display: A advantage of the
statistical stem-and-leaf
technique for display over a
displaying a set frequency
of data. Each distribution is we
numerical value do not lose the
is divided into identity of each
two parts: the observation.
leading digits
become the stem
and the trailing
digits the leaf. Stem-and-leaf Displays
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Stock prices on twelve

consecutive days for a major
publicly traded company

86, 79, 92, 84, 69, 88, 91

83, 96, 78, 82, 85.

Example
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Stem and leaf display of stock prices

stem leaf
6 9
7 89
8 234568
9 126
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Exercise # 1

96 93 88 117 127 95 113 96 108 94 148 153

139 142 94 107 125 155 155 103 112 127 117 120

112 135 132 111 125 104 106 139 134 119 97 89

118 136 125 143 120 103 113 124 135

Organize the data into steam-and-leaf display.

What is the fewer number of sports purchased by the dealer?

The largest number of purchased?