You are on page 1of 101

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

5 credits

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Reference books

S. C. Arora, Domkundwar
C.P.Arrora
Principles of refrigeration Roy J Dossat
Ameen
W. F. Stoecker
ASHRAE Handbook.
Manohar Prasad,
Ananthanarayanan
Norman Harris,
Hand book by Domkundwar
by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor
Refrigeration
3

process of cooling of a system


below the temperature of the
surroundings.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Need of refrigeration
4

Air conditioning purpose- comfort .


Preserving food and vegetable.
Industrial applications-functioning of
computer, CNC, Robot, humidity control
in cloth manufacturing, tyre industry,
Increase productivity.
Medical applications.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


History of refrigeration.

BC2500- Egyptians- porous pots


1834- Jacob Perkins developed the vapor
compression refrigeration.
1862 Alexander Kirk designed steam
refrigeration system.
1875- Bell and Coleman developed the
air refrigeration system.
1915- ferdinand carre of USA- Vapour
absorption.
by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor
Methods of refrigeration

Dissolution of certain salts in water


sodium chloride, calcium chloride etc.
Change of phase(evapourisation).
Throttling process.
Expansion through turbine.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Capacity of Refrigerator

It is the rate at which heat can be


extracted from cold body.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Ton of refrigeration
8

Rate of heat removal to freeze one ton of


water at 0 0C to ice at 0 0C in 24 hours.
1 ton of refrigeration = 3.5 KJ/sec.
(defined in British thermal unit)

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Coefficient of performance (COP)

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Types of refrigeration system.

10

1. air refrigeration
2. steam refrigeration
3. Vapour compression
4. vapour absorption.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Carnot refrigeration cycle.

11

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


12

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


13

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


14

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


limitations
15

Isothermal- very slow, isentropic- very


fast.
Refrigerant in two phase while entering
to compressor.
Use of costly turbine for negligible work
out put.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


16

Q1. 1000 Kg of ice to be manufactured


per hour at -10 degree C from water at
30 degree C by having a power input of
30KW. Find the capacity of the system
assuming specific heat of ice below 0
degree C as 2 KJ/ KgK and also find the
COP of the system.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


17

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


18

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


19

COP= Total cooling effect/ Energy input


= 133/30
=4.45

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


June 2011
20

The power required for a Carnot


refrigerator is 2kW per ton of
refrigeration to maintain - 400C in the
refrigerator. Determine:
(a) COP of the cycle.
(b) Temperature of the sink.
(c) Heat rejected to the sink per ton of
refrigeration.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


21

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


22

A Carnot refrigerator extracts 400 kJ of


heat per second from a cold room which
is maintained at
-15C and it is discharged to atmosphere
which is at 30C. Find the ideal power
required to run the unit .

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


23

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


24

A Carnot refrigerator requires 1.25 kW


per ton of refrigeration to maintain the
temperature of a room at 243 K.
Find (a) C.O.P. of Carnot refrigerator
(b) Temperature at which heat is
rejected

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


25

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Air-refrigeration system
Bell column cycle)
(rev Brayton )
26

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


27

air is used as the refrigerant .


air is taken into the compressor from
refrigerator and it is compressed.
The hot compressed air is cooled in heat
exchanger either using atmospheric air or
water up to the atmospheric temperature.
it is reversed Brayton cycle or reversed
Joules cycle or revered gas turbine cycle.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


28

The cooled air is then expanded in the


expander.
The temperature of the air coming out
from the expander is below the
atmospheric temperature due to
isentropic expansion.
The low temperature air coming out from
the expander enters into the refrigerated
place and absorbs the heat.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


29

The air coming out from refrigerated


place again enters into the compressor
and the cycle is repeated.
The cold air from the expander may be
directly used in the room or it may be
used in a secondary circuit to chill water
or brine

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


30

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


31

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


32

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


OR
33

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Open and closed(dense) air refrigeration
cycle
34

by Manoj.P.J Associate
Professor
Advantages of air-refrigeration system

35

Advantages:
1. The refrigerant used, namely air, is
cheap and is easily available.
2. There is no danger of fire or toxic
effects.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Disadvantages:

36

1. The quantity of air required in air


refrigeration system per ton of
refrigerating capacity is far greater.
2. The C.O.P. of the system is low
.Therefore the running cost of the
system is high.
3. The danger of frosting at the expander
valves is more as the air taken into the
system always contains water vapour.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


37

This difficulty can be removed using


closed system instead of open system.
The water vapour associated with air can
be removed before the air taken into the
system which works on closed cycle.
In open system, the difficulty of frosting
can be reduced partly by passing air
through silica where water vapour is
absorbed.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


38

In an air refrigeration system air enters


the compressor at 0.1 M pa , 4 degree C
and is compressed 0.3 M Pa
isentropically. After being cooled to 55
degree C at constant pressure, in a heat
exchanger, the air then expands to 0.1
MPa isentropically in a turbine. Capacity
of the plant is 10 KW . Find COP, power
required to run the plant, air flow rate?

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


39

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


40

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


41

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


42

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


43

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


44

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


45

An air refrigeration system circulate 65


Kg of air per minute and operate
between 5 Bar and 1Bar. The
temperature of air leaving the cooler is
26 degree C and leaving the cold
chamber at 0 Degree C. compression
and expansion are isentropic. Determine
the theoretical COP , power required and
capacity in tons?

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


46

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


47

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


48

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


49

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


50

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


51

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Aircraft refrigeration
52

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Need of Air craft refrigeration system
53

At higher altitude the temperature is


very low, even then..
Temperature rises due to
1. ramming of air.
2. solar radiation.
3. control devises.
4. air resistance.
5. heat releases from occupants.(300
KJ/h)
by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor
Suitability of air refrigeration to air craft
54

No cost of refrigerant.
Main engine compressor already
available can be used for refrigeration.
The chilled air can directly supply to
cabin.
Non toxic, non inflammable.
Less weight(high speed compressor)

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Simple aircraft refrigeration
55

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Simple air craft refrigeration

56

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


Boot strap air refrigeration system
57

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


58

Auxiliary comp is run by turbine


by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor
59

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


60

A boot strap air refrigeration system is used for an


flight to takes 20 TONS of cooling load. The ambient
conditions are air conditions are 5 0C and 0.85 Bar.
The air pressure increases to 1.1 Bar due to
ramming action, which is considered to be ideal. The
out put pressure of the main air compressor is 3.5
Bar and this is further compressed in the secondary
compressor to 4.5 Bar. The isentropic efficiency of
both main and secondary compressors are 90% and
that of cooling turbine is 80% . Heat exchanger
effectiveness is 0.6, for both primary and secondary
heat exchangers.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


61

Determine
Power required to take the cabin load
COP of the system
The turbine runs the secondary
compressor and uses its surplus power
to run the fan for blowing ram air
Cabin to be maintain at pressure as 1
Bar, 250 C

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


62

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


63

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


64

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


65

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


66

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


67

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


68

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


69

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


70

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


71

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


72

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


73

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


74

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


June 2013
75

The cockpit of a jet plane flying at a


speed of 1200 km/hr. is to be cooled by
a simple air cooling system. The cockpit
is to be maintained at 25C and pressure
in the cockpit is 1 bar. The ambient air
pressure and temperature are 0.85 bar
and 35C respectively.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


76

The other data available is as follows:


Cockpit cooling load = 10 TR.
Main Compressor pressure ratio =4.
Temperature of air leaving heat exchanger and
entering cooling turbine 60C.
Pressure drop in heat exchanger = 0.5 bar.
Pressure loss between cockpit and cooling turbine 0.2
bar.
Assuming isentropic efficiencies of main air
compressor and cooler turbine as 80 %., find quantity
of air passing through the cooling turbine and COP of
the system.
by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor
77

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


78

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


79

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


80

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


81

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


82

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


83

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


84

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


85

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


86

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


87

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


2015
88

A refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman


cycle operates between pressure limits
of 1.05 bar and 8.5 bar absolute. Air is
drawn from the cold chamber at 10C.
Air coming out of compressor is cooled
to 30C before entering the expansion
cylinder. Expansion and compression
follow the law pv1.35 = constant.
Determine C.O.P. of the system, Heat
rejected to atmosphere.
by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor
89

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


90

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


91

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


92

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


93

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


94

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


95

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


96

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


97

In an aero plane uses air-refrigeration system, the air


at 5 bar and 200C is bled-off from the main
compressor and is cooled in a heat exchanger with
the use of ram air. The pressure and temperature of
the air leaving the heat exchanger are 4.5 bar and
40C. The ram air is forced through the heat
exchanger by a fan run by expander turbine. The air
coming out from the heat exchanger is passed
through an expander and then supplied to the cabin
at I bar, The pressure loss between the expander and
cabin is 0.2 bar. If the air flow rate through the
expander turbine is 30 kg/mm. find the followings

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


98

- (a) The temperature of the air leaving the expander.


(b) The kW delivered to the ram air which is passed
through the heat exchanger.
(c) The refrigeration capacity in tons of refrigeration if
the cold air coming out from the expander turbine is
tempered by mixing with bypassed warm air and
delivered to the cabin. The temperature of the air
leaving the cabin is limited to 25 C.
Assume the followings:
Isentropicefficiency of the expander turbine = 75%.
(for air) = 1.4, Cp (for air) = 1KJ/kg-K
Neglect heat losses.

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


99

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


100

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor


101

by Manoj.P.J Associate Professor

You might also like