Venn Diagram: Naturals, Wholes, Integers, Rational

Real Numbers
Rationals
6.7 0.8
Integers
5 11 5 3
Wholes 2
9 0 7
Naturals
1, 2, 3...
 Rational Numbers
A rational number is EXAMPLES OF
a real number that RATIONAL NUMBERS
can be written as a 16
ratio of two 1/2
integers. 3.56
A rational number -8
written in decimal 1.3333
form is terminating -3/4
or repeating.
 Rational Numbers
Natural Numbers - Natural counting numbers.
1, 2, 3, 4

Whole Numbers - Natural counting numbers and zero.

0, 1, 2, 3

Integers - Whole numbers and their opposites.

-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Rational Numbers - Integers, fractions, and decimals.

Ex: -0.76, -6/13, 0.08, 2/3
 Rational and Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be a
expressed as the ratio of two integers.
All terminating and repeating decimals can be
expressed in this way so they are irrational
b
numbers.
Show that the terminating decimals below are rational.

0.6 3.8 56.1 3.45 2.157

6 38 561 345 2157

10 10 10 100 1000

Rational
 Rational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be a
expressed as the ratio of two integers.
All terminating and repeating decimals can be
expressed in this way so they are irrational
b
numbers.
To show that a repeating decimal is rational.

Example 1 Example 2
To show that 0.333 is rational. To show that 0.4545 is rational.
Let x = 0.333 Letx = 0.4545
10x = 3.33 100x = 45.45

9x = 3 99x = 45
x = 3/9 x = 45/99
x = 1/3 x = 5/11
 Rational and Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be a
expressed as the ratio of two integers.
All terminating and repeating decimals can be
expressed in this way so they are irrational
b
numbers.
Question 1 Question 2
Show that 0.222 is rational. Show that 0.6363 is rational.
Let x = 0.222 Letx = 0.6363
10x = 2.22 100x = 63.63

9x = 2 99x = 63
x = 2/9 x = 63/99
x = 7/11
 Properties

A property is something that is true for all

situations.
 Four Properties

1. Distributive
2. Commutative
3. Associative
4. Identity properties of one and
zero
 Algebra terms
commute
when they trade places
xy
yx
This is a statement of the
commutative property
for addition:

xy yx
It also works for
multiplication:

xy yx
Distributive Property

A(B + C) = AB + BC

4(3 + 5) = 4x3 + 4x5

 Commutative Property
of addition and multiplication
Order doesnt matter

AxB= BxA
A+B= B+A
This is a statement of the
Associative Property:

( x y) z x ( y z )
The variables do not change
their order.
 The Associative Property
also works for multiplication:

( xy) z x ( yz )
 Associative Property of
multiplication and Addition

Associative Property (a b) c = a (b c)
Example: (6 4) 3 = 6 (4 3)

Associative Property (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Example: (6 + 4) + 3 = 6 + (4 + 3)
The distributive property only
has one form.
Not one for
addition . . .and one for
multiplication
. .because both operations are
used in one property.
 This is an example
of the distributive
property.

4(2x+3) =8x+12
2x +3
4 8x 12
 Here is the distributive
property using variables:

x ( y z ) xy xz
y +z
x xy xz
The identity property for addition
asks,
What can I add to myself
to get myself back again?

x0
_x
 x0
_x
The above is the identity property
for addition.

0 is the identity element

for addition.
 The identity property for
multiplication
asks,
What can I multiply to myself
to get myself back again?

1 x
x (_)
 1 x
x (_)
The above is the identity property
for multiplication.

is the identity element

1 for multiplication.
 Identity Properties

If you add 0 to any number, the number stays

the same.
A + 0 = A or 5 + 0 = 5

If you multiply any number times 1, the

number stays the same.

A x 1 = A or 5 x 1 = 5
Example 1: Identifying Properties of Addition and
Multiplication
Name the property that is illustrated in each
equation.
A. (4) 9 = 9 (4)
(4) 9 = 9 (4) The order of the numbers changed.
Commutative Property of Multiplication

B.
The factors are grouped
differently.
Associative Property of Addition
 Example 2: Using the Commutative and
Associate Properties
Simplify each expression. Justify each step.
29 + 37 + 1

29 + 37 + 1 = 29 + 1 + 37 Commutative Property
of Addition

Associative Property of
= (29 + 1) + 37
Addition
= 30 + 37 Add.
= 67
 What Is a Continued
Fraction?
A general continued fraction representation
of a real number x is one of the form

b1
x a0
b2
a1
b3
a2

a ...
where ai and bi are integers for all i.
3
ai 0

What Is a Continued
Fraction?
A simple continued fraction representation of
a real number x is one of the form

1
x a0
1
a1
1
a2
a3 ...
where

ai 0

Finite Simple Continued

Fraction

170

53
ai 0

Finite Simple Continued

Fraction

11
3
53
ai 0

Finite Simple Continued

Fraction

1
3
9
4
11
ai 0

Finite Simple Continued

Fraction
1
3
1
4
2
1
9
ai 0

Finite Simple Continued

Fraction
1
3
1
4
1
1
9/2
ai 0

Finite Simple Continued

Fraction
1
x 3
1
4
1
1
1
4
2
170 1
3
53 1
4
1
1
1
4
2
 Continued Fractions
Note how this compares to the
computations in the Euclidean Algorithm
for finding gcd(106,19). Thus we can get
the continued fraction representation
from the Euclidean Algorithm for rational
numbers.

3/29/2004 Discrete Mathematics for 37

Teachers, UT Math 504,
Lecture 10
 Continued Fractions
Introductory Example: Show
106 1
5 [5;1,1, 2,1, 2]
19 1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2

This is known as a (regular or simple) continued

fraction.
3/29/2004 Discrete Mathematics for 38
Teachers, UT Math 504,
Lecture 10
Finding The Continued
Fraction

19
0;2,1,2,6
51