Energy Dissipation in Structures:

Springs, Shocks, and Swings

How Seismic Events Affect
Buildings
Earthquake as Energy
Basicequation of motion, with respect to time, used to describe the
energy relationship between a force input, in this case an
earthquake, and the buildings internal response.
3 Ways to Dissipate Energy:

Braces

Dampers

Pendulums
Bracing
 Potential Failure Modes

Plate
Fracture Buckling Brace Buckling
How these Failure Modes Contribute to Energy
Dissipation:

In terms of our equation of motion, braces dissipate energy via the term
of the equation. This can be thought of like a spring restoring force from
Physics 141 and 132.
Viscous Dampers
How a Damper Functions
How Dampers Contribute to Energy Dissipation:

In terms of our equation of motion, dampers dissipate energy via the term
of the equation. The force in the damper is equal to the shear stress times
the surface area of the fluid. However, the dampers also provide slight
restoring force. The term is proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and
the position derivative of the velocity along the shearing surface.

https://youtu.be/xp2pGxFzrzI?t=18
 Pendulums
Pendulums work a bit differently
from the other two systems
mentioned. They change the
solution to the equation of motion
by changing the natural frequency
of the structure.

https://youtu.be/GzMuF-LMGaM?t=20
Tuned Mass Damper Taipei 101

Taipei 101 Movement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYSgd1XSZXc
 Sources:
BRBF on 181 Fremont with welder:
https://www.level10gc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/181_Fremont_Group_Pics_4-15-2016_064-1-2800x1750.jpg
Brb rendering:
http://doggerel.arup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/L20-Meganode_Transparent_Arup-e1456176716103.jpg
181 Fremont rendering: https://res.cloudinary.com/protenders/image/upload/4a3e36750893e342c980a63bbf97dde0.jpg
Chevron brace image:
http://static.squarespace.com/static/50eb111de4b0404f377186e1/50f72339e4b017403f2381a2/50f7237ae4b017403f2388a
4/1315961557000/11th-and-Pine-Brace-small.jpg?format=original
Pendulum: https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*Lwu5UJMmcuFVJLZ1Ln4E0Q.png
Millenium bridge: http://britainexplorer.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/millennium-bridge-london.jpg
Sources continued:

Fahnestock, et al. Seismic Response and Performance of Buckling Restrained Braced Frames.
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. 2007.

Wierschem, Nicholas. Targeted Energy Transfer Using Nonlinear Energy Sinks for the
Attenuation of Transient Loads on Building Structures. Dissertation, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Chapaign, 2014.

Fell, et al. Experimental Investigation of Inelastic Cyclic Buckling and Fracture of Steel Braces.
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. 2009.

Black, Makris, and Aiken. Component Testing, Seismic Evaluation, and Characterization of
Buckling-Restrained Braces. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. 2004.

Okazaki, et al. Dynamic Response of a Chevron Concentrically Braced Frame. ASCE Journal of
Structural Engineering. 2013.

Hou, Chien-Yuan. Fluid Dynamics and Behavior of Nonlinear Viscous Fluid Dampers. ASCE
Journal of Structural Engineering. 2008.

Lu, Zhou, and Yan. Shaking Table Test and Numerical Analysis of RC Frames with Viscous
Wall Dampers. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering. 2008.
181 Fremont: Hybrid System
Buckling Restrained Brace Frame and Viscous Damper