GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AHMEDABAD

 M. E. (I. C. E. & AUTO.)
SEMESTER 2nd YEAR 2015 -16.

HIGH SPEED DIESEL ENGINE

SUBJECT CODE: 2711105
 SUPERCHARGER AND TURBOCHARGER

PREPARED BY:-
CHAUDHARI JAIMESH (150280711004)
PATEL MITKUMAR (150280711013)

GUIDED BY:- R.J.JANI SIR

 COMPRESSED
AIR

Air inlet

Fig.1 Supercharger
Need of turbocharger and super charg

For ground installations, it is used to

produce a gain in the power out put of the
engine.

For aircraft installations, in addition to

produce a gain in the power out put at sea-
level, it also enables the engine to maintain
a higher power out put as altitude is
increased.
DEFINITION
The Process of increasing the inlet air
or charge density in order to increase
the power output of the engine is
called supercharging.

The device used for increasing the

pressure of air above atmospheric
pressure is called supercharger.
OBJECTIVES
To increase the power output of engine by
increasing the density of charge at intake.
To reduce the weight to power ratio.
To overcome the power at high altitudes
either in case of static engines or in case
of aircraft application.
To reduce the bulk of the engine where
weight and space are important in case of
locomotive and marine engines.
METHOD OF IMPROVING THE ENGINE
PERFORMANCE
An Engineers task is always to improve the
performance of an engine of a given size and
capacity.

Types Of Methods :-

INCREASING THE SPEED OF ENGINE

USE OF HIGHER COMPRESSION RATIOS
UTILISATION OF EXHAUST GAS ENERGY
USE OF TWO STROKE CYCLE
INCREASING CHARGE DENSITY
1.Increasing speed of the engine
As regards this method would result into increase in air
inducted per unit time
Friction loss increase
Method only employed when air sucked in suction can be
increase
2.Use of higher compression ratios
It results into higher thermal efficiency due to better
conversion of fuel energy.
The highest useful compression ratio (HUCR) of engine is
limited due to knoking & denotation problems
3.Utilization of exhaust gas energy
The high temp. Exhaust gases have considerable amount of
energy which gases waste.
It can be utilize by coupling an exhaust gas turbine to
engine.
4.Use of two stroke cycle
Theoretically power o/p of stroke cycle is double
compared to four stroke.
Actual power o/p is reduced due to escape of fresh
charge during scavenging problems.
LIMITATIONS; cooling problems low thermal &
volumetric efficieny. So this methods is impracticable.
5.increasing charge density
By lowering temp /increasing pressure charge density
can be increased , which increases power o/p of engine
To lower temp . Of charge HEAT EXCHANGER is
most suited to increase pressure of changer higher
than atm.pressure, also improves change density &
power o/p.
TYPES OF COMPRESSORS USED
FOR SUPERCHARGING
Basically the supercharger are air
blowers or compressors driven by the
engine shaft through gearing.

These are three types as follows:-

1. PISTON-CYLINDER TYPE
2. ROTARY BLOWERS
3. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
 PISTON-CYLINDER TYPE
In this type of compressor the
air or charge is compressed to
pressure higher than
atmospheric and supplied to
the engine.
These compressors are not
preferred as superchargers in
practice for the following
reasons.
These are bulky and delivery.
These are pressure pulsations
during air delivery.
Need proper lubrication due
to more reciprocating parts.
These are unsuitable for large
volume flow rates of air and
high speed engines.
ROOT BLOWER
VANE BLOWER
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
TURBOCHARGER
DEFINITION
A turbocharger uses the otherwise
unused energy in the exhaust gases to
drive a turbine directly connected by a
co-axial shaft to a rotary compressor
in the air intake system.
Fig. 2 Turbocharger
 Working principle of a turbocharger:

A turbocharger is a small radial fan pump driven by the

energy of the exhaust gases of an engine.
A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a compressor on
a shared shaft.
The turbine converts exhaust to rotational force, which is
in turn used to drive the compressor.
The compressor draws in ambient air and pumps it in to
the intake manifold at increased pressure, resulting in a
greater mass of air entering the cylinders on each intake
stroke.
FIG.3
COMPONENTS OF TURBOCHARGER
Air compressor
Turbine
Intercooler
Where the turbocharger is
located in the car
 Selection process of turbocharger

The concept of turbocharger is illustrated in Figure

7.

Compressor air inlet,Point1-

p1, T1
Compressor air out let,
point2-p2, T2
Turbine exhaust gas inlet,
point 3-p3,T3
Turbine exhaust gas outlet-
P4, T4

Illustration of the concept of a turbocharger.

 Terms essential for turbocharger
selection
Air Consumption and Air-Delivery Ratio:

.(4)
Where
mat = theoretical air consumption rate, kg/h atm &
De = engine displacement, L
Ne = engine speed, rpm
a = density of air entering compressor, kg/m3

The air-delivery ratio is the ratio of the measured over the

theoretical air consumption of an engine:

..(5)

where
ev = air-delivery ratio
mat= theoretical air consumption of the engine, kg/h
ma= actual air consumption of the engine, kg/h
 A turbocharger air delivery ratio.

(5)

The turbine pressure ratio is defined as , pt = p3 / p4

.(6)
Pressure ratio across the compressor, pc, as

.(7)

The temperature ratio across the compressor

..(8)

Where ec = compressor efficiency, decimal.

 The compressor efficiency = ( theoretical temperature rise across the
compressor)/(the actual temperature rise). ec is always less than 1.0.

The turbine efficiency = ( the actual temperature drop across the

turbine )/(the theoretical temperature drop). The turbine efficiency is
also always less than 1.0.
 The following procedure may be used in selecting a turbocharger for an
engine.
1. Select the desired, achievable power output, P b; verify that the chosen
power level does not require an excessive p bme. Realistically, pbme 1250
kPa is achievable.
2. Calculate mf = Pb BSFC, using an achievable value for BSFC. Typically,
for a well-designed engine, it is possible to achieve , 0.2 < BSFC < 0.25
kg/kW h.
3. Calculate ma = mf (A/F), using the desired A/F ratio of the turbocharged
engine. For a CI engine running on diesel fuel, typically 25 < (A/F) < 32.
4. Select the compressor and the point on the compressor map (see Figure
8 for an example map) at which the compressor will operate at rated load
and speed of the engine. Equations 3 through 4 can be reworked into
Performance curve

9
5. Select the turbine and the operating point on the turbine map. The turbine
and compressor must rotate at the same speed, the turbine flow must equal the
compressor flow times (1 + FA), and the turbine must supply enough power to
drive the compressor while overcoming bearing friction.

The mechanical efficiency of the turbocharger

..(9)
 Advantages of supercharger and
turbocharger
The more increase the pressure of the intake air above the local
atmospheric pressure (boost), the more power the engine
produces. Automotive superchargers for street use typically
produce a maximum boost pressure between 0.33 to 1.0 bar ,
providing a proportionate increase in power.

Engines burn air and fuel at an ideal (stoichiometric) ratio of

about 14.7:1, which means that if you burn more air, you must
also burn more fuel.

This is particularly useful at high altitudes: thinner air has less

oxygen, reducing power by around 3% per 1,000 feet above sea
level, but a supercharger can compensate for that loss,
pressurizing the intake charge to something close to sea level
pressure.
Disadvantages of turbocharger
and supercharger
Costand complexity
Detonation
Parasitic losses
Space
Turbo lag
 Conclusions:
Due to low speed of operation and less power in
agricultural tractor, turbocharger is used not
supercharger for more power generation and to operate
it higher altitude.
Turbo-charging a tractor engine is an acceptable method
of increasing its performance if carried out within
manufacturers specifications.
Lower engine operating temperatures result which can
be beneficial.
Since the engine lubricating oil is subjected to high
temperatures as it passes through the turbocharger the
correct oil must be used as specified for turbocharged
engines.