K.

Kafetsios Lecture 7 1


Ervin Goffman (1967:1)

-

, ,
,

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 2


(, ,
)

- : -
;

- ;

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 3

,
(Deaux, Dane & Wrightsman,
1993: 116)
:

(1)
(2)

(3)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 4

: , ,

Shannon & Weaver (1949)

: .
. .
,

(Clark, 1985).

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 5


(Scott, 1977)

(Higgins, 1981;

Krauss & Glucksberg, 1977)

(Clark, 1985)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 6


K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 7

(1)
Fraser (1978)
:
1. :
1.
,



2. -

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 8

(2)
3.
, .., , , ,
.
4. (
)
,
, ,
, .
5.
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 9
/

Denotation/:

Connotation/:

Searle (1979): (1) (2) (3)

(4) commitment (5)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 10
 (Ekman,
1984; Izard, 1977)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 11
Ekman, Sorenson and Friesen
(1969)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 12
Ekman & Friesen (1972)
Emotion Recognition test

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 13


10

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 14



(G.H.Mead, 1932)

(Parkinson, 1995)

, ,
(Kemper, 1978)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 15
 3
: ;

:
,
, (Hewstone,
1988)

(
) ( )


(Breger & Bradac (1982)
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 16


..
,
"
(:49). Watzlawick, Beavin & Jackson (1967)

:

(.
)
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 17

(Hatfield, Cacioppo and Rapson, 1994)

, ,

(Hatfield et al., 1992)
:


(Eisenberg and Miller, 1987,
p292)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 18



(. Anna Freud; Mahler)
:

.

(Downey and Coyne, 1990)

(Cummings, 1987)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 19



. Jung (1968, p155):
... ,

-(Tansey and Burke., 1989):



( )

(
)
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 20
The Duchenne de Boulogne

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 21
 Douchenne de Boulogne orbicularis oculi,

Duchenne)

Duchenne

(Keltner & Bonanno,

1997).

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 22
 Keltner & Bonanno (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation:
Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement.
JPSP 73 (4): 687-702 OCT
:


.
:
: 6
: Duchenne, -
,
,

, -Duchenne
.
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 23
:




.

' (nave
analysis of action)

.
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 24




,

(e.g.
Gottman, 1979; Gottman, Markman & Notarius,
1977).
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 25

(Gottman &
Levenson, 1983)




;


;

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 26
 (Locke & Wallace, 1959)

5 - :

15 :
5 - :

15 :





:

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 27


K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 28
Adapted from Gottman (1999). The Marriage Clinic. Norton

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 29
 Gottman (1996)

/ 5-1,

/
.


50%

;
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 30
Sabatelli, Buck & Drury (1982):

/

(social penetration theory).






K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 31



( ..
Raush, Brry, Hertel &
Swain, 1974)


(..
Gottman,
, Noller, 1984).


K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 32



Raush, Brry, Hertel & Swain, 1974

(..
)
.


( / ,
Gottman

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 33
The Couples Interaction Scoring
System (CISS) Gottman (1979).
video
, ,

Julien,
Markman and Lindhal (1989). Interactional
Dimensions Coding System (IDCS)


K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 34

(Gottman, 1979)
.

Gottman :
,

. ,

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 35
 Table 1: The Talk -Table procedure (adapted from Gottman, 1979:
218) ______________________________________________________


_____________________________________________________
_
1., ,

2.
, ,

.
3.
,

.
(And so on)

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 36

(Noller, 1980.
Noller, 1984).
Kahn (1970).
-
.


-


- .
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 37
Table 2: An example of wife's item in the standard content paradigm
(adapted from Noller,1984 :72)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Wife item
Situation: You and your husband are sitting alone in the living
room on a winter evening. You feel cold.
Alternative (a) You wonder if he is also cold or it is only you who
are cold
intentions (b) You want him to warm you with physical affection
(c) You want him to turn up the heat
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 38
PR

(.. , )

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 39

Cummings,E.M. (1987). Coping with background anger in early
childhood. Child Development, 58, 976-984
Downey,G. and Coyne,J.C. (1990). Children of depressed
parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50-76
Hatfield et al., (1992). Emotional contagion. In Clark (Ed.)
Review of personality and social psy. Vol.14
Markman, H. J. and Notarius, C. I. (1987). Coding marital and family
interaction. In T. Jacob (Ed.), Family Interaction and Psychopathology:
Theories, methods and findings. NY: Plenum.
McDougall, W. (1908). An Introduction to Social Psychology. London:
Menthuen.
Noller, P. (1984). NonVerbal Communication and Marital Interaction. Oxford:
Pergamon.

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 40
Gottman, J.M. (1999). The Marriage Clinic. Norton
Keltner and Bonanno, (1997). A study of laughter and
dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during
bereavement. JPSP, 73, 687-702
Kemper, T.D. (1978). A social interactional theory of emotions.
New York: Wiley.
Noller, P. and Ruzzene, M. (1991). Communication in Marriage:
The influence of affect and cognition. In J. O. Fletcher and F. D.
Fincham (Eds.), Cognition in Close Relationships (pp. 203-233).
Hare and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tansey and Burke. (1989) Understanding counter-transference:
From projective identification to empathy. Hillsdale, NJ:Analytic
Press

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 41
Recognition of Posed emotion
(Ekman et al. 1982)
Expressions intended to convey six basic
emotions (happiness, surprise, fear, anger,
sadness and disgust) were correctly
classified at levels significantly better than
chance in most of the experiments.
Happiness: good, Sadness: bad
Fear and surprise: confused

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 42
Non-verbal behaviour - is it
always communication?
Ekman & Friesen (1969): Only non-verbal behaviour that
is intended to communicate should be considered as N-
V communication.
Weiner et al (1972): NVC is an interactional process -
both senders intentions and recievers understanding are
important.
Bull (1987) NVC is often unintentional. Signs of
boredom communicated to speaker despite best efforts
to appear attentive.

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 43
Functions of Interpersonal
Communication
Regulation of interaction:
form of interaction is shaped by culturally shared
norms and aspects of the specific context.
eg use of eye contact to signal conversational turn
taking.
Convey interpersonal information
aspects of social and personal identity - eg accent
emotion and attitudes - eg facial expression and
display rules
relative status - mode of address, posture
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 44
Functions of Interpersonal
Communication (cont.)
Referential Communication
both verbal and non-verbal aspects can be
used to represent meanings - eg gestures
to describe shapes or movements.
Importance of a socially shared vocabulary
- can be used to indicate social category
membership, exclude others etc

K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 45
What happens to conflicting
information?
Argyle et al (1971):
Experimenters gave either friendly or hostile speech
Each message was presented in either a hostile or
friendly style
Ss asked to rate each message on a scale of friendly -
hostile
Congruent messages (verbal and style both hostile or
friendly) were interpreted in predicted ways
Incongruent messages interpreted in line with non-
verbal component
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 46
Gestures, Body Movements &
Body Contact
Meaning of gestures is culture specific
Body posture communicates interpersonal
attitude. Postural congruence has been been
shown to correlate with ratings of rapport
(LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976)
Body contact varies between cultures and with
nature of relationship. Jourard (1966) shows
that overall women touch and are touched
more than men.
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 47
Physical Proximity &
Orientation
Hall (1966): 4 physical zones around us:
1. Public space (over 12 feet)
distance from important public figures
2. Social zone (4 to 12 feet)
usual distance for formal business purposes
3. Personal space (1.5 to 4 feet)
4. Intimate zone (< 1.5 feet)
reserved for people we are intimate with or very close
to
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 48
Deceptive Communication
Saxe (1991): ubiquitous form of communication
Is lying easily detected? he that has eyes to see
and ears to hear may convince himself that no
mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he
chatters with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of
him at every pore (Freud, 1905)
Features of liars? Fewer factual statements, and vague
sweeping statements in their speech content. Leave
gaps in their conversation (to avoid saying something
that would give them away; Knapp et al., 1974). Voice
alterations (higher pitch; Ekman et al., 1974). Increase
in manipulative gestures (touch face with hand; Ekman
& Friesen, 1974; play with glasses; Knapp et al., 1974).
K.Kafetsios Lecture 7 49