Lecture 20: Anatomy

A.Collins
JSHS
Pre-AP Biology
 What do animals do to survive?
Section 26-1

All
Animals

have are carry out

Eukaryotic Essential
Heterotrophs
cells functions

with such as

No cell walls

Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Invertebrate feeding and digestion
Invertebrates can either have intracellular or
extracellular digestion:
Intracellular meaning that food is digested within each
individual cell of the organism.
Examples: Sponges
Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a
digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the body.
Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms
Section 29-2
Invertebrate Digestive Systems
Intestine
Gizzard
Crop
Mouth/anus Pharynx
Mouth
Gastrovascular
cavity Annelid

Anus
Gastrovascular
cavity
Cnidarian
Arthropod
Pharynx Crop

Anus
Pharynx
Mouth
Mouth/anus Stomach Rectum
Flatworm and Intestine
digestive glands
 Vertebrate Digestive Systems
The digestive systems of many vertebrates have
organs that are well adapted for different feeding
habits.
Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive
tracts that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes.
Herbivores have long intestines that have large
colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the
cellulose fibers in plant tissues.
 Section 33-3

The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates

Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Respiration in animals
Aquatic invertebrates
Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces, and some
respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills.

Terrestrial Invertebrates
There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial
invertebrates.
Spiders use parallel book lungs
Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the body and
passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange
Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an
extensive surface area of blood vessels.
 Section 29-2
Invertebrate Respiratory Systems
Tracheal
Gill
tubes
Siphons

Movement of water Spiracles

Insect
Mollusk

Airflow

Spider Book
lung
Vertebrate respiratory systems
Chordates have one of two basic structures for
respiration:
Gills for aquatic chordates
Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians
Lungs - for terrestrial chordates
Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
 Aquatic Gills
Water flows through the mouth then over
the gills where oxygen is removed
Section 33-3
Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped
out through the operculum

Vertebrate Lungs
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac

Salamander Lizard Primate Pigeon

Invertebrate Circulatory systems
Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system
where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems
with many hearts and even systems with one heart.

Open circulatory systems

Blood is pumped through a system of vessels BUT is only partially contained in
these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities.
This system is beneficial to arthropods and mollusks because the blood comes into
direct contact organs and tissues.

Closed circulatory systems

A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body
of the organism. Since the system is closed the blood never leaves the vessels.
This system is beneficial to larger organisms because the blood is kept at a higher
pressure which allows for more efficient circulation within the organism.
 Section 29-2
Invertebrate Circulatory Systems

Hearts Heartlike structure

Small vessels in tissues

Heart
Blood
vessels

Sinuses
and organs
Blood
Heartlike vessels
structures
Insect: Annelid:
Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
Vertebrate circulatory systems
Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in
organisms with gills) to double loop systems.
Double-Loop Circulatory System
Single-Loop
Circulatory System

FISHES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,

MOST REPTILES AND MAMMALS
Aquatic Invertebrate excretion
Some aquatic invertebrates simply diffuse ammonia out their bodies
into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away.
Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round worms.
Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes and
excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.

Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion

Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea.
Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is much less toxic
than ammonia.
This urea is eliminated from the body in urine
 Section 29-2
Invertebrate Excretory Systems
Flame
cells Flatworm
Excretory
tubules
Nephrostome

Excretory pore
Flame cell

Excretory tubule

Nephridia
Digestive tract

Annelid
Malpighian
tubules
Arthropod
Vertebrate Excretion
Aquatic vertebrates kidneys and
rely on gill slits to release
excretory wastes into
surrounding water for dilution.
Terrestrial vertebrates rely on the
kidneys to filter out the
ammonia and change it into urea
and send it to be released in
urine.
Nervous system
All animals respond to their environment through
specialized cells called nerve cells.
In most animals nerve cells hook together to form
the nervous system.
Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to
extremely complex.
The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to
phylum can be dramatically different.
 Section 29-2
Invertebrate Nervous Systems Vertebrate Nervous Systems
Arthropod
Brain

Ganglia
Ganglia

Brain

Flatworm

Mollusk