Observation and Forecast of NO2

Emissions using
Satellite Data for Ghana.

A PAPER PRESENTED AT INCEDI 2016

BY

*ISAAC K. YEBOAH, *PAUL OBENG, **GODFRED

AKROFI
*REGENT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
AND
TECHNOLOGY.
**DOMINION UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
2

Introduction
Research Objectives
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review

Methods
Analysis
Results and Findings
Discussions
o Comparing Ground Data from EPA- Ghana and Satellite
Data.
Conclusions and Recommendations

INCEDI 2016 7/3/2017

 Introduction.

The disease burden associated with ambient air

pollution worldwide was 3.7 million premature
deaths in 2012 with 88% of these deaths occurring in
low and middle income countries (Maulana, 2016).
Reducing the public health impacts of ambient air
pollution requires addressing the main sources of the
air pollution.
These includes inefficient fossil fuel combustion
from motor vehicle transport, power plants
generations and improving energy efficiency in
homes, buildings and manufacturing.
GHG Emission Sources And Sinks.
 Research Objectives
5

To determine average NO2 and UV aerosol index data

over Accra from 2005 to 2015 and analyze the data with
Levenberg- Marquardt method for machine learning
model.
To determine the sources and their evolution in the
following order of years, October 2005, 2008, 2010 and
2013.
To reduce the effect, the paper proposed a Biological
Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) mathematical model for Accra
using ecosystem capturing technology and CO2 capturing
technology for factories as well as reducing of human
activities like deforestation in Ghana.
INCEDI 2016 7/3/2017
 Statement of the Problem

The most detrimental effect comes from NO2 which forms

from the reaction of NO and oxygen in the atmosphere, the
NO2 is involved in a series of reactions that from secondary
pollutants.
The NO2 can react with sunlight and hydrocarbon radicals to
produce ground level ozone/photochemical smog, acid rain
constituents, and particulate matter.
NO2 also absorbs the full spectrum of light and can reduce
visibility and also is associated with respiratory disorders,
corrosion of materials and damage to vegetation.
Excess NO2 concentrations in the air result in a brownish
colour hence the need for this research.
 Data and Analysis

Satellites provide an ideal platform for closing this information gap,

particularly for remote or otherwise inaccessible locations. There are a
variety of methods used to derive NO2 emission information from satellite
measurements, but most rely on prior knowledge of the location of the
source (DeFoy, et al, 2013).
The Giovanni Air Quality instance combines global atmospheric aerosol
and cloud data from MODIS, global atmospheric aerosol data from OMI,
and ground-base Fine Particulate Matter data (Gupta, 2014).
The Ozone Monitoring Instrument on the EOS Aura satellite provides data
from instrument which gives daily level 3 global gridded ozone products at
two spatial resolutions: high resolution 0.25 by 0.25 (OMTO3E) and
TOMS like 1.0 by 1.25 (OMTO3D).
Giovanni-3 is a system which utilizes a variety of software package such as
IDL, GrADS and Python and analytical functions (Gupta, 2014).
Satellite provide an ideal platform for closing information gap
by remote inaccessible locations.
 PM2.5 Estimation: Popular Methods
Difficulty Level
Y=mX + c

PM2.5
Two
Variable
Method
AOT

Multi-
Variable
Method

Artificial

Neural
Network

MSC

and Empirical Methods, Data Assimilation etc. are under utilized

 Results and Findings

NO2 emissions from Industrial Countries Satellite detection of monthly surface

ozone depletion for Africa in 2010.
Satellite detection of NO2 emission sources in Greater
Accra.
 Results and Findings
Satellite detection of NO2 Average NO2 over Greater
and UV time series Area- Accra from Satellite
Averaged for Ghana. detection.
 Neural Network Prediction Modeling.

The network uses tapped delay to store previous value of the x(t)
and y(t) sequences.
The output of NARX network, y(t) was fed back to the input of the
network through delay, since y(t) is a function of y(t-1),y(t-2),y(t-
d) the function: Y(t)=f(x(t-1),,x(t-d)).
The NARX model provide better prediction because it uses the
additional information contained in the previous values of y(t)
would not be available.
The data from figure was simulated showing that in 2020 the
annual NO2 will increase to about 5.001015 molecules cm-2 , hence
technological measures need to be put in place to reduce NO2
emissions.
A two layer feed-forward network with sigmiod transfer
function.
Forecast of average NO2 emission and UV index for Greater
Accra.
 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Model for Accra
Biological nitrogen fixation for Accra was
developed which will sustain agriculture
and reduce soil fertility decline.
The mathematical model is as follows:
BNF=1.8[1-exp(-0.000027Rang of Years +
0.05727)]
BNF estimate that amount of fixed
nitrogen and select the most effective
rhiobial strain plant genotype combination.
The natural process of BNF offers an
economic means of reducing
environmental problems and improving the
internal resources,this is because the
process allows microorganisms to convert
atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia
(NH3) assimilable by associated plants.
 Optimizing CO2 Capture,
Dehydration and
Compression Facilities.
The energy efficiency of a
CO2 capture plant depends
primarily on the
performance of the solvent
and optimization of the
plant.
The design of a facility to
capture 90% of the CO2
from the flue gas of a coal
fired power plant is based
on the specified flue gas
conditions CO2 product
specification and
constraints.
There are plans of building
a Coal Power Plant in the
Central Region of Ghana
hence the need for this
technology.
 Comparing Ground Data from EPA- Ghana
and Satellite Data.
The studies for Ghana about imports of new and used electrical and electronic
revealed that in 2009, around 70% of all imports were used electrical and
electronic equipment (Stein, 2013).
Second-hand imports were estimated to be 30% of non-functioning which are e-
waste. Half of this amount was repaired locally and sold to consumers and the
other half was unrepaired, this was about 40,000 tonnes of e-waste in 2010
(Stein, 2013). These e-waste ends up in Agbogbloshie scrap yard resulted in NO2
increased in 2010 and 2011 as shown.
Findings made in April 2005 and April 2006 by EPA Ghana on gaseous
pollutants such as NO2 concentration measured at both the permanent and
roadside sites were below the 24 - hour EPA-Ghana guideline of 0.075ppm and
above the annual WHO guideline of 0.02ppm, also indicated that 12 of the 16
samples collected at the roadside location were above the annual WHO guideline
of 0.02ppm. (Nerquaye-Tetteh, 2010).
Comparing the ground findings to the satellite observation as shown in figures, it
can be estimated that NO2 concentration in Accra need to be reduced.
 Conclusion and Recommendations.
This paper presents nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measurements from the Ozone Monitoring
Instrument (OMI) satellite sensor, averaged NO2 over a period of 2005 to 2015 for Ghana
were observed which indicated that, in 2005 NO2 concentration in Ghana was measured as
0.692 1015 molecules cm-2 with UV aerosol index of about 4.0, which increased to
0.811015 molecules cm-2 with aerosol index of about 5.2 in 2010.
This paper also examined the changes of monthly Ozone layer surface depletion from
January to July 2010 over Africa due to NO2 emission and shows that higher NO2
emission concentration was found in the Tema Industrial Area and Agbogbloshie areas in
Accra.
Forecast for 2020 indicated that NO2 increased to 5.001015 molecules cm-2 with UV
aerosol index of about - 2.5
According to predictions presented in the Third Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC 2001), CO2 increase alone could
enhance the net primary production(NPP) of Earths ecosystems enough to increase
carbon(C) sequestration by 350 to 890 petagrams (Pg) C in the 21st century (1 Pg = 1015
grams[g]). Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric
carbon dioxide, hence we recommend the need for CO2 capture technology as shown .
THANK YOU.