Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Slide 52 has video on demand that can be viewed online at any time for students.
slide 69 has sound to correspond to blocks falling in water. Slide is animated so students can visual what is happening.
A transparent overlay covers the block of wood and ice. As a teacher I point out that the wood is 25% submerged as it has a
specific gravity of 0.25 while the ice is submerged 90% as it has a specific gravity of 0.90. I then show this actual
demonstration to students using a document camera.
slide 71 has sound to correspond to cloud of CO2 falling in down stairs because it is denser than air.
A voice explanation is also included to give a brief explanation.
slide 202-207 demonstrate the theory and show chromatography by animated clicks on PowerPoint
I would give a verbal explanation in class to explain the slides.
Slide 255 are a series of jpeg images I captured from video I shot to sequence as a slide that looks like video.
Slide 256 has the actual video of class demonstration I recorded. It plays regular speed and slow motion.
Each was created using Windows Movie Maker.
slide 261 has an external link to an animation by a textbook author (bottom right corner)
Many slides have additional links to additional information (e.g. slide 8 (mouse over the word matches to get more
information from Wikipedia)
Energy and Matter
Unit 2
www.unit5.org/chemistry
Guiding Questions
Why do substances boil or freeze at different temperatures?
What is energy?
Keys
Keys
text
http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Matter.html
Chemistry of Matches
P4S3 + KClO3 D P2O5 + KCl + SO2
tetraphosphorus potassium diphosphorus potassium sulfur
trisulfide chlorate pentaoxide chloride dioxide
gas
H2O
solid
liquid
Chemical Property:
The tendency of a
substance to change into
another substance.
Steel rusting: caused by iron (Fe)
reacting with oxygen (O2)
to produce rust (Fe2O3)
4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3
Chemical Change:
The process of a
chemical change...
During a
chemical reaction
new materials are
formed by a change
in the way atoms are
bonded together.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Examples of Physical Properties
The formation a n ge
of a
al C h
y s i c
Ph mixture
Physical & Chemical Changes
CO2
crushing heating
Pyrex
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
CHANGE CHANGE
CaO
Limestone, Crushed limestone,
CaCO3 CaCO3
Lime and
carbon dioxide,
CaO + CO2
Sunlight
energy O2
Pyrex Pyrex
H2O2 H2O
H
Light hastens the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. H
O O
The dark bottle in which hydrogen peroxide is usually stored
keeps out the light, thus protecting the H2O2 from decomposition.
Three Possible Types of Bonds
Covalent
e.g. H2
d+ d- Polar Covalent
e.g. HCl
+ - Ionic
e.g. NaCl
Metallic Bonding
Cations
electron sea
+ e1- e1-
e1- +
+
+ e1-
+ e1-
+ e1- +
e 1-
e 1-
+
+ + e1-
e1- + e1-
e1-
e1- + e1- +
e1-
+
Free electrons
e1-
Force - + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + -
Electrostatic
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + forces
- + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - of repulsion
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +
A metal
Force + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
No electrostatic forces of repulsion
metal is deformed (malleable)
Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 248
Shattering an Ionic Crystal; Bending a Metal
broken crystal
An ionic crystal
- + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + -
Force - + Electrostatic
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + forces
- + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - of repulsion
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +
A metal
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Force + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
No electrostatic forces of repulsion
metal is deformed (malleable)
Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 248
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids
Hard and brittle
High melting points
High boiling points
High heats of vaporization
High heats of fusion
Good conductors of electricity when molten
Poor conductors of heat and electricity when
solid
Many are soluble in water
Chemical Bonds
between two identical nonmetal atoms are non-polar covalent.
between two different nonmetal atoms are polar covalent.
between nonmetals and reactive metals are primarily ionic.
Cl Cl H Cl Na1+ Cl1-
Cl Cl H Cl Na1+ Cl1-
Share Transfer
Chemical electrons
electrons
(polar vs. nonpolar)
Bonds (ions formed)
+/-
Topic Topic
Between Electrons Between
Two Covalent are Ionic Metal and
Nonmetals involved Nonmetal
Weak Strong
Bonds Bonds
(low melting point) (high melting point)
evacuated glass Radiant energy Evacuated
envelope chamber
Photoelectric
cathode anode
cathode anode
Symbolic representation
Generator
of a photoelectric cell
Photoelectric Cell
Metal
surface
Positive
terminal
Current
Voltage indicator
source
Solar Calculator
Celsius & Kelvin Temperature Scales
Celsius Kelvin
Absolute
zero -273oC 0K
Temperature is Average Kinetic Energy
HOT COLD
Fast Slow
Boiling point
of water
212 oF 100 oC 373 K
Freezing point
of water 32 oF 0 oC 273 K
blue
5250 K Sunlight
o
F 32 = 1.8 oC
o
C + 273 = K
Cracks in sidewalk.
Most objects e-x-p-a-n-d when heated
Large structures such as bridges must be
built to leave room for thermal expansion
All features expand together
COLD
HOT
Equal Masses of Hot and Cold Water
Water Water
(50 oC)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
(50 oC)
Heat versus Temperature
lower temperature
higher temperature
Fractions of particles
TOTAL = Heat
Kinetic ENERGY
Kinetic energy
Molecular Velocities
molecules sorted by speed
speed
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/slides/sld016.htm
Temperature vs. Heat
Different Alike Different
Topic Topic
Average A Property Total
Kinetic Temperature of Heat Kinetic
Energy Matter Energy
o
Celcius Joules
(or Kelvin) (calories)
Conservation of Matter
Exposure to mercury
made the Hatter mad.
matter.
- color, melting point, boiling point, odor, density
Contrast with
EXTENSIVE
- depends on
quantity of matter.
- mass, volume, heat content (calories)
Properties of Matter
Pyrex Pyrex
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld001.htm
It appears that the brick is ~40x
more dense than the Styrofoam.
Styrofoam
? Brick
Styrofoam Brick
D =
M
D= M
V V
Styrofoam Brick
Which liquid has the highest density?
least dense 1 < 3 < 5 < 2 < 4 most dense
2 5 4
Lithium 10 19 0.53
Water 10 10 1.0
M
D =
V
M ass M = DxV
D V
M
V =
ensity olume D
Volume
4 cm
3 cm 1 cm
2 cm
6 cm
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 41
Volume 8 cm3
VolumeVolume
==length
6 cm
= 36
x width
2cm
cm33 x 3height
cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
V = 2length
cm
V =x8x2cm
width
cm3 x x2 height
cm
4 cm
3 cm
1 cm
2 cm
6 cm
Volume = -
Volume = 28 cm3
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 41
Density of
Density of Some
Some
Common Substance
Common Substance
Density of Some Common Substances
Substance
Substance Density
Density
(g/ /cm
(g cm3)3)
Air
Air 0.0013*
0.0013*
Lithium
Lithium 0.53
0.53
Ice
Ice 0.917
0.917
Water
Water 1.00
1.00
Aluminum
Aluminum 2.70
2.70
Iron
Iron 7.86
7.86
Lead
Lead 11.4
11.4
Gold
Gold 19.3
19.3
*at 0oC and 1 atm pressure
Consider Equal Volumes
Mass
Density =
Volume
Equal volumes
but unequal masses
aluminum gold
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 71
Consider Equal Masses
Equal masses
but unequal volumes.
The object with the
aluminum larger volume
(aluminum cube) has
the smaller density. gold
Christopherson Scales
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 71
(A)
Equal volumes
but unequal masses
Two ways of
greater density.
viewing
aluminum gold
(B)
density
Equal masses
but unequal volumes.
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 71
Specific Gravity
cork
0.25
0.9 ice
water 1.0
aluminum
2.7
Dioxide
Density Air = 1.29 g/L
Dioxide
CO
CO2 2 Density CO2 = 1.96 g/L
Carbon
Carbon
Dioxide
Dioxide
CO
CO2 2
Carbon Dioxide Detector
Hemoglobin (Hb) binds with carbon monoxide (CO) in the capillaries of the lungs.
Poisoning: Hb + CO HbCO
44.5 cm3
Fishing sinker
Water
Na+
ions Water molecules
Cl-
ions
Electron Microscope
Photograph of NaCl
Dissolving of Salt in Water
Na+
ions Water molecules
Cl-
ions
Na+
ions Water molecules
Cl-
ions
Na+
ions Water molecules
Cl-
ions
Na+
+ +
+
- + -
hydrated ions
+ -
+ - -
Cl-
Interstitial spaces
(holes in water where substances dissolve)
100 mL
Parking at school if you arrive at 7:00 AM = _____
Easy
Parking at school if you arrive at 7:45 AM = _____
Hard
More available spaces if you arrive early. Salt dissolves quicker when you
begin because there are more available spaces to 'park'.
Investigation Procedure:
a. Design an experiment to accurately determine how dense salt water
must be in order for a golf ball to float. Use metric units. Be sure to
control as many variables as possible.
b. Write down the procedure that you and your partner(s) are going to use
prior to lab day. Record any researched facts that may be useful in
knowing before conducting your experiment.
c. Carefully run your experiment, make observations and record your
measurements in a data table. Use grams and milliliters in your
measurements. Include a calculation column in your data table.
d. Critique your own procedure, discuss and compare your process with
another group, then modify your own steps as needed.
e. Repeat your experiment to check for accuracy, if time allows.
Discussion Questions for Understanding:
H2O(s) Ice
H2O(s) Ice
H2O(l) Water
H2O(g) Steam
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
Liquids
The two key properties we need to describe are
EVAPORATION and its opposite CONDENSATION
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape
the container of its container
Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of
the container
Gas
Vaporization Condensation
Energy of system
Sublimation Deposition
Liquid
Melting Freezing
Solid
E
gas
100 D
Temperature (oC)
C
liquid
B
0
A
solid
Heat added
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 487
Heating Curve for Water
vaporization
E
gas
100 D
Temperature (oC)
condensation
C
melting liquid
B
0
A
freezing
solid
Heat added
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 487
Latent Heat
Take 1 kg of water from 10 oC up to 150 oC we can
plot temperature rise against absorbed heat
steam
100 C (water vapor)
ice
water
0C
-10 C
Lf = 80 cal/g Lv = 540 cal/g
Q heat absorbed
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)
Colloids Suspensions
Elements Compounds
substance
Mixtures
only one kind with two or
definite two or more two or more
of atom; atoms
makeup more kinds kinds of substances
are bonded it
and of atoms and that are
the element
properties that are physically
is diatomic or
bonded mixed
polyatomic
Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
Matter Flowchart
Examples:
graphite element
pepper hetero. mixture
sugar (sucrose) compound
paint hetero. mixture
soda solution
homo. mixture
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Mixtures
Solution
homogeneous
very small particles
no Tyndall effect Tyndall Effect
Materials
al
er
Homogeneous
en
Heterogeneous
/G
c
ifi
ec
Sp
Order / Disorder
MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)
Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
physical means into
Separated by
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS MIXTURES MIXTURE
chemical
means into
Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
Classification of Matter
hetero-
uniform no geneous
properties? mixture
no solution
fixed
composition?
no element
chemically
decomposable?
yes compound
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Topic Topic
No bonds Contain Bonds
between Mixture two or more Compound between
components elements components
N2 O2 F 2
Cl2
Br2
F2
Products made from Sulfur
SULFURIC
ACID 88%
Superphosphates
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
CARBON Mixed fertilizers
DISULFIDE 3%
GROUND &
Magazines and printing papers DEFINED 3%
Writing and fine papers Containers and boxes
Newsprint PULP 3% Autos
Wrapping and bag papers IRON & STEEL 1%
Pulp for rayon and film OT Appliances
Sanitary and tissue papers HE Tin and other containers
Absorbent papers RI
ND Galvanized products
US
T I TA
Rayon TR
R A U M AN D T S 5 %
3% I ES
Cellophane
YO
ER
NI
H 6%
Carbon Tetrachloride OT
N&
CHEMICAL 17%
PIG
Ruber processing
FIL
chemicals
MEN
NONACID 12% PETROLEUM 2%
M
OTH
3%
Explosives
ER
Insecticides Tire Nonferrous metals
Synthetic detergents
Fungicides cords Synthetic rubber
Specialty steels Feed additives
Rubber vulcanizing Viscose Storage batteries
Magnessium Anti-knock gasoline Aluminum reduction Paints and
Soil sulfur textiles Aviation Textile finishing
Leather processing Synthetic resins Paper sizing enamels Gasoline
Acetate
Photography Protective coating Water treatment Linoleum and
textiles
Dyestuffs Dyestuffs Pharmaceuticals coated fabrics
Blended Lubricants
Bleaching Oil well acidizing Insecticides Paper
fabrics
Soybean extraction Petroleum catalysts Antifreeze Printing inks Other
Cellophane
Photographic Refinery
film products
Rhombic sulfur
Brimstone (when Sulfur
molten)
Polyatomic (S8)
Forms SO2
Amorphous sulfur
(without shape) The sudden cooling of m-sulfur
produces amorphous sulfur.
Amorphous
Crystalline
(Glass)
The Haber Process
Matter
Matter
Physically
Substance separable Mixture
Mixtureof
of
Substance
Definite
Definitecomposition
composition Substances
Substances
(homogeneous) Variable
(homogeneous) Variablecomposition
composition
Chemically
separable Homogeneous
Homogeneousmixture Heterogeneous
Element Compound mixture Heterogeneousmixture
mixture
Element Compound Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
(Examples: iron, sulfur, (Examples: water. Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
(Examples: iron, sulfur, (Examples: water. also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane, also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane, (Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate) (Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate) gold alloy) concrete, granite)
gold alloy) concrete, granite)
The Organization of Matter
MATTER
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES MIXTURE
Physical methods
PURE
SUBSTANCES
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Helium
Helium Oxygen
Oxygen
Carbon
Carbon Argon
Argon
dioxide
dioxide
White phosphorous
spontaneously ignites
Red phosphorous
used for matches
= Cl-
= Na+
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 455
Packing of NaCl Ions
= Cl 1- = Na1+
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 456
Packing of NaCl Ions
Electron Microscope
Photograph of NaCl
Molecular Structure of Ice
Hydrogen
bonding
Graphite
Graphite
Diamond
Molecular structure
of diamond
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 476
Molecular
structure
of
Diamond
Allotropes of
Carbon
Buckyballs
Buckytubes
Buckminsterfullerene
Credit: Baughman et al., Science 297, 787 (2002)
Trojan Horse
24
/24 atoms Au 18
/24 atoms Au 14
/24 atoms Au
An alloy is a mixture of metals.
Copper
Zinc
Brass = Copper + Zinc
Brass plated
heterogeneous mixture Brass Plated
Only brass on outside
Copper
Zinc
Hardened Steel
a interstitial alloy
Steel Iron
Carbon
Steel Alloys
Tensile strength
Stainless steel
Tungsten hardened steel Force is added
Vanadium steel
We can engineer properties
Add carbon to increase strength
Too much carbon too brittle and snaps
Too little carbon too ductile and iron bends
Galvanized Nails and Screws
Applications:
surgery, shirts that do not need to be
ironed.
Properties of Matter
Electrical Conductivity
Heat Conductivity
Density
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Malleability
Ductility
Methods of Separating Mixtures
Magnet
Filter
Decant
Evaporation
Centrifuge
Chromatography
Distillation
Mixture of
solid and
liquid Stirring
rod
Filtration
separates
Funnel
a liquid
Filter paper
from a traps solid
solid
Filtrate (liquid
component
of the mixture)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
Chromatography
Tie-dye t-shirt
DNA testing
Tomb of Unknown Soldiers
Crime scene
Paternity testing
Paper Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
of Water-Soluble Dyes
Filter paper
(stationary phase)
Suggested
red dye
is not
homogeneous
Orange mixture of
red
and
yellow
Direction of Water
(mobile phase)
movement
Separation by Chromatography
sample
mixture
a chromatographic column
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
Separation by Chromatography
sample
mixture
a chromatographic column
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
Ion chromatogram of orange juice
K+
response
detector
Na+
Mg2+ Fe3+
Ca2+
0 5 10 15 20 25
time (minutes)
Setup to heat a solution
Ring stand
Beaker
Wire gauze
Ring
Bunsen burner
Furnace
Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13
A Distillation Apparatus
thermometer
tube
distilling
flask
receiving pure
hose connected to flask liquid
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282 cold water faucet
The solution is boiled and steam
is driven off.
Distillation
(physical method)
Salt
No
Gasoline (octane)
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "high-
performance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers
might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines.
At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive
engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger
pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each
stroke.
The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in
the high rpm.
Centrifugation
Electric
current
2 H2O O2 + 2 H2
Electrolysis Water
electro = electricity
lysis = to split Oxygen Hydrogen
gas forms gas forms
*H1+
H2O(l) O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
water oxygen hydrogen Source of Electrode
direct current
oxygen hydrogen
gas gas
anode cathode
Half reaction at the cathode (reduction):
4 H2O + 4 e - 2 H2 + 4 OH 1-
water
Half reaction at the anode (oxidation):
2 H2O O2 + 4 H 1+ + 4 e -
Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties
hydrogen molecule, H2
BANG!
COMPOUND
MIXTURE water, H2O
ELEMENT
a mixture of
oxygen molecule, O2 hydrogen and
oxygen molecules
2 H22 + O22 2 H22O + E
German zeppelin
luxury liner
Exploded on
maiden voyage
Filled with
hydrogen gas
35 people died when the Hindenburg exploded.
Untreated Treated
f
n of
il ru
so
p
To
Sodium Polyacrylate
Absorbent Material
Absorbs 700x volume of water
Magicians
Pour water in hat and it disappears
Diapers
Farmers
Anti-erosion powder
Add to Soils
hold moisture between watering
Specific Heats
of Some Substances
Specific Heat
Substance (cal/ g oC) (J/g oC)
Water 1.00 4.18
Alcohol 0.58 2.4
Wood 0.42 1.8
Aluminum0.22 0.90
Sand 0.19 0.79
Iron 0.11 0.46
Copper 0.093 0.39
Silver 0.057 0.24
Gold 0.031 0.13
(a) Radiant energy (b) Thermal energy
The energy something possesses due to its motion, depending on mass and velocity.
A
Energy
C
B
KE = m v 2
mass velocity (speed)
Recall: KE = m v 2
BUS BULLET
KE = m v 2 KE = m v 2
KE(bus) = (10,000 lbs) (0.5 mph)2 KE(bullet) = (0.002 lbs) (240 mph)2
Either may have more KE, it depends on the mass of the bus and the velocity
of the bullet.
Which is a more important factor: mass or velocity? Why? (Velocity)2
Kinetic Energy and Reaction
Rate
lower temperature
higher temperature
Fractions of particles
minimum energy
for reaction
Kinetic energy
Kinetic Energy and Reaction
Rate
lower temperature
higher temperature
Fractions of particles
minimum energy
for reaction
Kinetic energy
Hot vs. Cold Tea
Low temperature
Many molecules have an (iced tea)
intermediate kinetic energy
High temperature
(hot tea)
Kinetic energy
Decomposition of Nitrogen Triiodide
Decomposition of
Nitrogen Triiodide
N2
NI3 I2
Energy of reactants
Energy of products
Energy
Reactants
-DH
Products
Reaction Progress
Endothermic Reaction
Energy + Reactants Products
Activation
Energy
Products
Energy
Reactants
+DH Endothermic
Reaction progress
Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rate
WhatCatalyst
is a catalyst?
lowersWhat does it do
the activation duringfor
energy a chemical reaction?
the reaction.
No catalyst
activation energy
for catalyzed reaction
Energy
reactants
products
Reaction Progress
An Energy Diagram
activated
complex
activation
Ea energy
reactants
energy
products
course of reaction
Animation by Raymond Chang
All rights reserved
Energy Sources in the United States
100 91
80 71 70
60 58
Percent
50
40
40
26
21 20
20 16
9 5 10 10
3
0
1850 1900 1940 1980 1990
100 91
80 71 70
60 58
Percent
50
40
40
26
21 20
20 16
9 5 10 10
3
0
1850 1900 1940 1980 1990
100 91
80 71 70
60 58
Percent
50 50
40
40
26 26
21 20 21
20 16
9 5 10 10
3
0
1850 1900 1940 1980 1990 2005
fan
electrical energy to
mechanical energy
coffee maker
electrical energy to
light bulb thermal energy
electrical energy to
light energy to
thermal and radiant energy
pencil sharpener
electrical energy to
mechanical energy
System Surroundings
Potential energy
(Reactants)
D(PE) Energy released to the surrounding as heat
(Products)
Surroundings
Surroundings
Energy
System
System
Before After
Myers, Oldham, Tocci, Chemistry, 2004, page 41 reaction reaction
Conservation of Energy
in a Chemical Reaction
In this example, the energy
Exothermic
of the reactants
Reactionand products decreases,
while the energy of the surroundings increases.
Reactant Product + Energy
In every case, however, the total energy does not change.
Surroundings Surroundings
Energy
System
System
Before After
Myers, Oldham, Tocci, Chemistry, 2004, page 41 reaction reaction
Direction of Heat Flow
Surroundings
ENDOthermic EXOthermic
qsys > 0 qsys < 0
System
melting freezing
System
Typical apparatus used in this activity include a boiler (such as large glass
beaker), a heat source (Bunsen burner or hot plate), a stand or tripod for
the boiler, a calorimeter, thermometers, samples (typically samples of
copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, or lead), tongs (or forceps or string) to handle
samples, and a balance.
Thermometer
Thermometer
Calorimeter
Cork stopper
Styrofoam
cover
Styrofoam
cups
Two Styrofoam
cups Stirrer
nested
together containing
reactants in solution
thermometer
stirrer
full of water
ignition wire
steel bomb
sample
A Bomb Calorimeter
Heating Curves
Gas - KE
Boiling - PE
Liquid - KE
Melting - PE
Solid - KE
140
120
Gas - KE
100
80
Temperature (oC)
60 Boiling - PE
40
20 Liquid - KE
0
-20 Melting - PE
-40
-60
Solid - KE
-80
-100
Time
Heating Curves
Temperature Change
change in KE (molecular motion)
depends on heat capacity
Heat Capacity
energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a
substance by 1C
Volcano clip -
water has a very high heat capacity
EX: sweating,
steam burns, the
drinking bird
Water Water
(50 oC)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
(50 oC)
Heat Transfer
Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30oC
Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30.0oC
20 g (40oC) 10 g (20oC) 33.3oC
Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30.0oC
20 g (40oC) 10 g (20oC) 33.3oC
20 g (20oC) 10 g (40oC) 26.7oC
Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30.0oC
20 g (40oC) 10 g (20oC) 33.3oC
20 g (20oC) 10 g (40oC) 26.7oC
whereas silver will cool off quickly and not release much energy.
x 26.6o C
H2 O Ag
m = 75 g m = 30 g
T = 25oC T = 100oC
qAg qH2O
Calorimetry
Cp m DT Cp m DT
Cp m Tfinal Tinitial Cp m Tf Ti
Surroundings
Drop units and solve the algebra.
705 7.05 x 313.8x 7845 SYSTEM
320.8x 8550
x 26.6 o C
H2 O Ag
m = 75 g m = 30 g
T = 25oC T = 100oC
1 calorie - amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 oC
Candy bar
300 Calories = 300,000 calories
English
Joules
Metric = _______ 1 calorie = 4.184 Joules
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100
Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60
Time
q = Cp . m . DT
Heat = (specific heat) (mass) (change in temperature)
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100
Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60
-80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid
q = Cp . m . DT -100
Time
2.077 J
q 10 g - 20 o
C ( 30 o
C)
g C
o
q = 207.7 Joules
240 g of water (initially at 20oC) are mixed with an unknown mass of iron (initially at 500oC).
When thermal equilibrium is reached, the system has a temperature of 42oC.
Find the mass of the iron.
T = 500oC
Fe mass = ? grams
T = 20oC
mass = 240 g - LOSE heat = GAIN heat
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #5
A 97 g sample of gold at 785oC is dropped into 323 g of water, which has an initial
temperature of 15oC. If gold has a specific heat of 0.129 J/goC, what is the final
temperature of the mixture? Assume that the gold experiences no change in state
of matter.
T = 785oC
Au mass = 97 g
T = 15oC
mass = 323 g
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat
Drop Units: - [(0.129 J/goC) (97 g) (Tf - 785oC)] = (4.184 J/goC) (323 g) (Tf - 15oC)]
- [(12.5) (Tf - 785oC)] = (1.35x 103) (Tf - 15oC)]
-12.5 Tf + 9.82 x 103 = 1.35 x 103 Tf - 2.02 x 104
3 x 104 = 1.36 x 103 Tf
Tf = 22.1oC
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #8
If 59 g of water at 13oC are mixed with 87 g of water at 72oC, find the final temperature
of the system.
T = 13oC T = 72oC
mass = 59 g mass = 87 g
Drop Units: - [(4.184 J/goC) (59 g) (Tf - 13oC)] = (4.184 J/goC) (87 g) (Tf - 72oC)]
- [(246.8) (Tf - 13oC)] = (364.0) (Tf - 72oC)]
-246.8 Tf + 3208 = 364 Tf - 26208
29416 = 610.8 Tf
Tf = 48.2oC
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #9
A 38 g sample of ice at -11oC is placed into 214 g of water at 56oC.
Find the system's final temperature.
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100
Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
T = -11oC 20
0
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
B -100
A warm
C water Time
melt ice
warm ice
T = 56oC
mass = 214 g
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat
- [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)] = (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT) + (Cf) (mass) + (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)
2 2 2
- [(4.184 J/goC)(214 g)(Tf - 56oC)] = (2.077 J/goC)(38 g)(11oC) + (333 J/g)(38 g) + (4.184 J/goC)(38 g)(Tf - 0oC)
- [(895) (Tf - 56oC)] = 868 + 12654 + (159) (Tf)]
- 895 Tf + 50141 = 868 + 12654 + 159 Tf
- 895 Tf + 50141 = 13522 + 159 Tf
36619 = 1054 Tf
Tf = 34.7oC
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #10
(1000 g = 1 kg)
238.4kg
25 g of 116oC steam are bubbled into 0.2384 g of water at 8 oC. Find the final temperature of the system.
- [qA + qB + qC] = qD
- [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)] + (Cv,H O) (mass) + (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT) = [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]
2 2 2 2
qA = [(2.042 J/goC) (25 g) (100o - 116oC)] qA = (2256 J/g) (25 g) qC = [(4.184 J/goC) (25 g) (Tf - 100oC)]
qA = - 816.8 J qA = - 56400 J qA = 104.5Tf - 10450
- [qA + qB + qC] = qD
140
- [ - 816.8 - 56400 + 104.5T f - 10450] = 997Tf - 7972 120 DH = mol x DHfus
DH = mol x DHvap
100
816.8 + 56400 - 104.5Tf + 10450 = 997Tf - 7972
Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
67667 - 104.5Tf = 997Tf - 7979 20
0
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
A -20
75646 = 1102Tf -40
C -60
1102 1102 -80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid
B -100
Tf = 68.6oC Time
D
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #11
A 322 g sample of lead (specific heat = 0.138 J/goC) is placed into 264 g of water at 25oC.
If the system's final temperature is 46oC, what was the initial temperature of the lead?
T = ? oC
Pb mass = 322 g
Ti = 25oC Tf = 46oC
mass = 264 g Pb
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat
Drop Units: - [(0.138 J/goC) (322 g) (46oC - Ti)] = (4.184 J/goC) (264 g) (46oC- 25oC)]
- [(44.44) (46oC - Ti)] = (1104.6) (21oC)]
- 2044 + 44.44 Ti = 23197
44.44 Ti = 25241
Ti = 568oC
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #12
A sample of ice at 12oC is placed into 68 g of water at 85oC. If the final temperature
of the system is 24oC, what was the mass of the ice?
T = -12oC
H2O mass = ? g
ice
Ti = 85oC Tf = 24oC
mass = 68 g
qTotal = qA + qB + qC 458.2 m
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #13
Endothermic Reaction
Energy + Reactants Products
Activation
Energy
Energy Products
Reactants
+DH Endothermic
Reaction progress
Catalytic Converter
NO NO NN
NO N
N O
O
NO N
NO N O
OO O
N O
N N
O
N O
O
NO N O
O N
O
CO C N
N O
OC
NO NO
OC
O
O
N C
N
C
O
OO
One of the reactions that takes place in the catalytic converter is the decomposition of
carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide and nitrogen (II) oxide (NO) to nitrogen gas.
Enthalpy Diagram
H2(g) + O2(g)
HH22O(g)
O(g)
- 44 kJ
Exothermic
+44 kJ
Endothermic
HH22O(l)
O(l)
10 yard pass
5 yard penalty
Topic Topic
Radioactive Create NO
waste Fission Large Amounts Fusion Radioactive
(long half-life) of Energy waste
E = mc2
Very High
Nuclear
Temperatures
Power Transmutation
~5,000,000 oC
Plants of Elements
(SUN)
Occurs
Irradiated SPAM
Use fear and
selective facts
to promote an
agenda
Eating animals?
Radiation = Bad
ANSWER:
400 piano tuners
Nuclear Fusion
Sun
+ +
41H
1
2-1 e
0 4
2
He + Energy
Four Two beta One
hydrogen particles helium
nuclei (electrons) nucleus
(protons)
Conservation of Mass
mass is converted into energy
2 H2 1 He + ENERGY
1.008 amu
x 4
4.0032 amu = 4.004 amu + 0.028 amu
Albert Einstein also discovered the Geometry of Space Near a Black Hole
Albert Einstein also discovered the Geometry of Space Near a Black Hole
Fusion reactor
10,000,000 o Celcius
Russian for torroidial
(doughnut shaped)
ring
Magnetic field
contains plasma
Cold Fusion?
Fraud?
Experiments must
be repeatable to
be valid
Half-life of Radiation
Initial amount
Radioisotope remaining (%) of radioisotope
100
After 1 half-life
After 2 half-lives
50 After 3 half-lives
t1/2
25
12.5 t1/2
t1/2
0 1 2 3 4
Number of half-lives
Triple Point Plot
melting
freezing
liquid
solid
Pressure (atm)
vaporization
condensation
0.6
sublimation gas
deposition
2.6
Temperature (oC)
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 488
Triple Point
22,058
Critical point
Critical
pressure
Normal Normal
melting boiling
point point
101.3
Pressure (KPa)
0.61
Triple point
2 H2 + O2 2 H 2O + energy
+ + WOOF!
Law of Conservation of Energy
Eafter = Ebefore
2 H2 + O 2 2 H 2O + energy
+ + WOOF!
ENERGY KEstopper
PEproducts
PEreactants
Energy Changes
ENERGY KEstopper
PEproducts
PEreactants
C2H2 + O2 C2H2 + O2
First experimental image showing
internal atomic structures
140
120
Gas - KE
100
80
Temperature (oC)
60 Boiling - PE
40
20 Liquid - KE
0
-20 Melting - PE
-40
-60
Solid - KE
-80
-100
Time
Heating Curves
Temperature Change
change in KE (molecular motion)
depends on heat capacity
Heat Capacity
energy required to raise the temp of 1
gram of a substance by 1C
Volcano clip - water has a very high
heat capacity
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Heating Curves
Phase Change
change in PE (molecular arrangement)
temp remains constant
EX:sweating,
steam burns,
the drinking bird
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Phase Diagrams
Textbook - questions
Outline (general)