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This is a unit of study called Matter and Energy

in which basic properties of matter and energy transformations are discussed.

Slides that utilize media are:

Slide 52 has video on demand that can be viewed online at any time for students.

slide 69 has sound to correspond to blocks falling in water. Slide is animated so students can visual what is happening.
A transparent overlay covers the block of wood and ice. As a teacher I point out that the wood is 25% submerged as it has a
specific gravity of 0.25 while the ice is submerged 90% as it has a specific gravity of 0.90. I then show this actual
demonstration to students using a document camera.

slide 71 has sound to correspond to cloud of CO2 falling in down stairs because it is denser than air.
A voice explanation is also included to give a brief explanation.

slide 202-207 demonstrate the theory and show chromatography by animated clicks on PowerPoint
I would give a verbal explanation in class to explain the slides.

slide 227-231 concern electrolysis


slides 230 and 231 have an embedded video I that plays when clicked. Video came from PBS tv show.
A voice explanation is also included to give a brief explanation

slide 238-261 explain properties of matter.


A slide 238 and 241 have video to give additional information

Slide 255 are a series of jpeg images I captured from video I shot to sequence as a slide that looks like video.
Slide 256 has the actual video of class demonstration I recorded. It plays regular speed and slow motion.
Each was created using Windows Movie Maker.

slide 261 has an external link to an animation by a textbook author (bottom right corner)

Many slides have additional links to additional information (e.g. slide 8 (mouse over the word matches to get more
information from Wikipedia)
Energy and Matter

Unit 2

www.unit5.org/chemistry
Guiding Questions
Why do substances boil or freeze at different temperatures?

Why do we put salt on the roads in the winter?

Why does sweating cool us?

What is energy?

How do we measure energy?


Table of Contents
Matter and Energy

(13) Introduction - Bonding


(9) Alloys
(14) Temperature vs. Heat
(11) Density (4) Separation Techniques
(6) Carbon Dioxide & Monoxide (11) Distillation
(4) Archimedes Principle (2) Centrifugation
(3) Galilean Thermometer (3) Electrolysis
(11) Golf Ball Lab (5) Properties of Matter
(15) Solid, Liquid, and Gas (6) Energy
(3) Heating Curve (11) Exothermic vs. Endothermic
(13) Classification of Matter (29) Calorimetry
(6) Crystalline Structure (12) Nuclear Energy
(10) Allotropes
Lecture Outline Energy and Matter

Lecture Outline Energy and Matter


student notes outline
textbook questions

Lecture Outline Energy and Matter


textbook questions

Keys
Keys
text
http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Matter.html
Chemistry of Matches
P4S3 + KClO3 D P2O5 + KCl + SO2
tetraphosphorus potassium diphosphorus potassium sulfur
trisulfide chlorate pentaoxide chloride dioxide

Strike anywhere matches Safety matches


The substances P4S3 and KClO3 are both The substances P4S3 and KClO3
present on the tip of a strike anywhere match. are separated. The P4S3 is on
When the match is struck on a rough surface, the matchbox cover.
the two chemicals (reactants) ignite and Only when the chemicals combine
produce a flame. do they react and produce a flame.
The products from this reaction are P2O5, KCl, and SO2,the
last of which is responsible for the characteristic sulfur smell.
Charles H.Corwin, Introductory Chemistry 2005, page 182
block of wood: length = 2.0 m width = 0.9 m height = 0.5 m
block of wood: force = 45 N

2.205 pounds = 1 kilogram 10 Newton (9.8 N)


Force versus Pressure
block of wood: length = 2.0 m width = 0.9 m height = 0.5 m

Area = 0.9 m x 2.0 m Area = 0.5 m x 2.0 m Area = 0.5 m x 0.9 m


= 1.8 m2 = 1.0 m2 = 0.45 m2

25 N/m2 45 N/m2 100 N/m2


force
Pressure
area
45.0 N
Pressure
1.8 m2
45.0 N
Pressure
1.00 m2
45.0 N
Pressure
Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Schrader, Kulka, Chemistry, Heath Publishing,1996, page Section 6.1 0.45 m2
Pressure
force
pressure
area

Which shoes create the most pressure?


During a
physical change
a substance changes
some physical
property
H2O
but it is still the
same material with
the same chemical
composition.

gas
H2O

solid

liquid
Chemical Property:

The tendency of a
substance to change into
another substance.
Steel rusting: caused by iron (Fe)
reacting with oxygen (O2)
to produce rust (Fe2O3)

4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3
Chemical Change:

Any change involving a


rearrangement of atoms.
Chemical Reaction:

The process of a
chemical change...
During a
chemical reaction
new materials are
formed by a change
in the way atoms are
bonded together.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Examples of Physical Properties

Boiling point Color Slipperiness Electrical conductivity

Melting point Taste Odor Dissolves in water

Shininess (luster) Softness Ductility Viscosity (resistance to flow)

Volatility Hardness Malleability Density (mass / volume ratio)

Examples of Chemical Properties

Burns in air Reacts with certain acids Decomposes when heated

Explodes Reacts with certain metals Reacts with certain nonmetals

Tarnishes Reacts with water Is toxic

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 23


Chemical properties can ONLY be observed during a chemical reaction!
The formation an g
ofea
al Ch
e mi c
compound
C h

The formation a n ge
of a
al C h
y s i c
Ph mixture
Physical & Chemical Changes
CO2

crushing heating
Pyrex

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
CHANGE CHANGE
CaO
Limestone, Crushed limestone,
CaCO3 CaCO3

Lime and
carbon dioxide,
CaO + CO2
Sunlight
energy O2

Pyrex Pyrex

H2O2 H2O

H
Light hastens the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. H
O O
The dark bottle in which hydrogen peroxide is usually stored
keeps out the light, thus protecting the H2O2 from decomposition.
Three Possible Types of Bonds

Covalent
e.g. H2

d+ d- Polar Covalent
e.g. HCl

+ - Ionic
e.g. NaCl
Metallic Bonding
Cations
electron sea
+ e1- e1-
e1- +
+
+ e1-
+ e1-
+ e1- +
e 1-
e 1-

+
+ + e1-
e1- + e1-
e1-
e1- + e1- +
e1-
+
Free electrons
e1-

Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive ions and


surrounding freely mobile electrons. Most metals contribute
more than one mobile electron per atom.
Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 245
Shattering an Ionic Crystal; Bending a Metal
broken crystal
An ionic crystal

Force - + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + -
Electrostatic
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + forces
- + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - of repulsion
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +

A metal
Force + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
No electrostatic forces of repulsion
metal is deformed (malleable)
Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 248
Shattering an Ionic Crystal; Bending a Metal
broken crystal
An ionic crystal

- + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + -
Force - + Electrostatic
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + forces
- + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - of repulsion
- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +

A metal
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Force + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ +
No electrostatic forces of repulsion
metal is deformed (malleable)
Bailar, Jr, Moeller, Kleinberg, Guss, Castellion, Metz, Chemistry, 1984, page 248
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids
Hard and brittle
High melting points
High boiling points
High heats of vaporization
High heats of fusion
Good conductors of electricity when molten
Poor conductors of heat and electricity when
solid
Many are soluble in water
Chemical Bonds
between two identical nonmetal atoms are non-polar covalent.
between two different nonmetal atoms are polar covalent.
between nonmetals and reactive metals are primarily ionic.

Covalent bonding Polar covalent bonding Ionic bonding


Electrons are shared Electrons are shared Electrons are
equally unequally transferred

Cl Cl H Cl Na1+ Cl1-

Increasing ionic character

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 229


Chemical Bonds
between two identical nonmetal atoms are nonpolar covalent.
between two different nonmetal atoms are polar covalent.
between nonmetals and reactive metals are primarily ionic.

Nonpolar covalent Polar covalent Ionic bonding


Electrons are shared Electrons are shared
Electrons are
equally unequally
transferred

Cl Cl H Cl Na1+ Cl1-

Increasing ionic character

Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 229


Covalent vs. Ionic
Different Alike Different

Share Transfer
Chemical electrons
electrons
(polar vs. nonpolar)
Bonds (ions formed)
+/-

Topic Topic
Between Electrons Between
Two Covalent are Ionic Metal and
Nonmetals involved Nonmetal

Weak Strong
Bonds Bonds
(low melting point) (high melting point)
evacuated glass Radiant energy Evacuated
envelope chamber

Photoelectric
cathode anode
cathode anode

Symbolic representation

Generator
of a photoelectric cell

Photoelectric Cell

Metal
surface

Positive
terminal

Current
Voltage indicator
source

Solar Calculator
Celsius & Kelvin Temperature Scales

Celsius Kelvin

Boiling point 100oC 373 K


of water 100 100
Celsius Kelvins
degrees
Freezing point 0o C 273 K
of water

Absolute
zero -273oC 0K
Temperature is Average Kinetic Energy

HOT COLD
Fast Slow

Kinetic Energy (KE) = m v 2


*Vector = gives direction and magnitude
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celcius Kelvin

Boiling point
of water
212 oF 100 oC 373 K

180 oF 100 oC 100 K

Freezing point
of water 32 oF 0 oC 273 K

Notice that 1 kelvin degree = 1 degree Celcius


Kelvin Scale

blue
5250 K Sunlight

5000 K PIAA Plasma Blue

4300 K PIAA HID Bulb


white
4150 K PIAA Xtreme White

3800 K PIAA Super White

3200 K Halogen Bulb

yellow 2600 K Incandescent Bulb


Temperature Scales

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 136


Compare Celsius to Fahrenheit

o
F 32 = 1.8 oC

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 139


Converting
70 degrees
Celsius to
Kelvin
units.

o
C + 273 = K

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 137


Temperature Scales
Temperature can be subjective and so fixed scales had to be
introduced.
The boiling point and freezing point of water are two such points.
Celsius scale (oC)
The Celsius scale divides the range from freezing to boiling into 100
divisions.
Original scale had freezing as 100 and boiling as 0.
Today freezing is 0 oC and boiling is 100 oC.
Fahrenheit scale (oF)
Mercury and alcohol thermometers rely on thermal expansion
Thermal Expansion

Cracks in sidewalk.
Most objects e-x-p-a-n-d when heated
Large structures such as bridges must be
built to leave room for thermal expansion
All features expand together

COLD
HOT
Equal Masses of Hot and Cold Water

Thin metal wall


Insulated box Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
Water Molecules in Hot and Cold Water

Hot water Cold Water


90 oC 10 oC
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
Water Molecules in the same
temperature water

Water Water
(50 oC)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
(50 oC)
Heat versus Temperature

lower temperature

higher temperature
Fractions of particles

TOTAL = Heat
Kinetic ENERGY

Kinetic energy
Molecular Velocities
molecules sorted by speed

many different molecular speeds


Fractions of particles

the Maxwell speed distribution

speed

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/slides/sld016.htm
Temperature vs. Heat
Different Alike Different

Measured Have Measured


with a Kinetic with a
Thermometer Energy Calorimeter

Topic Topic
Average A Property Total
Kinetic Temperature of Heat Kinetic
Energy Matter Energy

o
Celcius Joules
(or Kelvin) (calories)
Conservation of Matter

Reactants yield Products


Heavy Metal Poisoning
TREATMENT: Chelation therapy
EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid)

Exposure to mercury
made the Hatter mad.

Arsenic treated lumber.


Green-treated wood
Eating chips of lead paint will not rot outdoors
causes brain damage. for 50 years.
Density
Density is an
INTENSIVE property
of matter.
- does NOT depend
on quantity of Styrofoam Brick

matter.
- color, melting point, boiling point, odor, density
Contrast with
EXTENSIVE
- depends on
quantity of matter.
- mass, volume, heat content (calories)
Properties of Matter

Pyrex Pyrex

Extensive volume: 100 mL 15 mL


Properties mass: 99.9347 g 14.9902 g

Intensive density: 0.999 g/mL 0.999 g/mL


Properties temperature: 20oC 20oC

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld001.htm
It appears that the brick is ~40x
more dense than the Styrofoam.

Styrofoam
? Brick
Styrofoam Brick

D =
M
D= M
V V
Styrofoam Brick
Which liquid has the highest density?
least dense 1 < 3 < 5 < 2 < 4 most dense

2 5 4

Coussement, DeSchepper, et al. , Brain Strains Power Puzzles 2002, page 16


Cube
Representations

1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 119


Volume and Density
Relationship Between Volume and Density for Identical Masses of Common Substances

Cube of substance Mass Volume Density


Substance (face shown actual size) (g) (cm3) (g/cm3)

Lithium 10 19 0.53

Water 10 10 1.0

Aluminum 10 3.7 2.7

Lead 10 0.58 11.4


Density

M
D =
V

M ass M = DxV

D V
M
V =
ensity olume D
Volume

4 cm

3 cm 1 cm

2 cm
6 cm

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 41
Volume 8 cm3

VolumeVolume
==length
6 cm
= 36
x width
2cm
cm33 x 3height
cm
2 cm

2 cm
2 cm
V = 2length
cm
V =x8x2cm
width
cm3 x x2 height
cm
4 cm
3 cm
1 cm

2 cm
6 cm

Volume = -

Volume = 28 cm3
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 41
Density of
Density of Some
Some
Common Substance
Common Substance
Density of Some Common Substances

Substance
Substance Density
Density
(g/ /cm
(g cm3)3)

Air
Air 0.0013*
0.0013*
Lithium
Lithium 0.53
0.53
Ice
Ice 0.917
0.917
Water
Water 1.00
1.00
Aluminum
Aluminum 2.70
2.70
Iron
Iron 7.86
7.86
Lead
Lead 11.4
11.4
Gold
Gold 19.3
19.3
*at 0oC and 1 atm pressure
Consider Equal Volumes
Mass
Density =
Volume

Equal volumes
but unequal masses

The more massive object


(the gold cube) has the
GREATER density.
_________

aluminum gold
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 71
Consider Equal Masses
Equal masses
but unequal volumes.
The object with the
aluminum larger volume
(aluminum cube) has
the smaller density. gold

Christopherson Scales

Made in Normal, Illinois USA

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 71
(A)

Equal volumes
but unequal masses

The more massive object


(the gold cube) has the

Two ways of
greater density.

viewing
aluminum gold

(B)
density
Equal masses
but unequal volumes.

The object with the


aluminum larger volume
(aluminum cube) has
the smaller density. gold

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 71
Specific Gravity

cork
0.25
0.9 ice

water 1.0
aluminum
2.7

Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 66


Density of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon
Carbon

Dioxide
Density Air = 1.29 g/L
Dioxide

CO
CO2 2 Density CO2 = 1.96 g/L

Carbon
Carbon

Dioxide
Dioxide

CO
CO2 2
Carbon Dioxide Detector

Where is the best location to place a


CO2 detector in your home?

Recall: Density Air = 1.29 g/L

Density CO2 = 1.96 g/L

A. Top floor of home


B. Basement (near ceiling)
C. Basement (near floor) Carbon dioxide is denser than air and sinks.
D. It doesnt matter, if your batteries are dead in the detector
Symptoms of CO Poisoning

Concentration of CO Hemoglobin Visible effects


in air (ppm)* molecules as HbCO
100 for 1 hour or less 10% or less no visible symptoms

500 for 1 hour or less 20% mild to throbbing headache,


some dizziness, impaired
perception
500 for an extended period 30 - 50% headache, confusion, nausea,
of time dizziness, muscular
weakness, fainting
1000 for 1 hour or less 50 - 80% coma, convulsions, respiratory
failure, death

*ppm is parts per million

Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 760


Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The Silent Killer

Hemoglobin (Hb) binds with carbon monoxide (CO) in the capillaries of the lungs.

Poisoning: Hb + CO HbCO

If caught in time, giving pure oxygen (O2) revives victim of CO poisoning.


Treatment causes carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) to be converted slowly to
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2).

Treatment: O2 + HbCO CO + HbO2


Carbon monoxide, CO, has almost 200 times the affinity to bind
with hemoglobin, Hb, in the blood as does oxygen, O2.
Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 760
Exchange of Blood Gases
Tank of Water

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 143


Person Submerged in Water

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 143


Archimedes Principle
Thread
Vfinal = 98.5 cm3
- Vinitial = 44.5 cm3
Vfishing sinker = 54.0 cm3 98.5 cm3

44.5 cm3
Fishing sinker

Water

Before immersion After immersion


Galilean Thermometer

Density = Mass / Volume


Mass is constant
Volume changes with temperature Temp = 68 oC
Increase temperature larger volume

In the Galilean thermometer, the small glass bulbs are partly


filled with a different (colored) liquid. Each is filled with a
slightly different amount, ranging from lightest at the
uppermost bulb to heaviest at the lowermost bulb. The clear
liquid in which the bulbs are submerged is not water, but
some inert hydrocarbon (probably chosen because its
density varies with temperature more than that of water
does).
Galilean Thermometer
In the Galilean thermometer, the small 76oF 68 oF
glass bulbs are partly filled with a different
(colored) liquid. Each is filled with a slightly
different amount, ranging from lightest at 80o 80o

the uppermost bulb to heaviest at the


lowermost bulb. The clear liquid in which 76o
76 o

the bulbs are submerged is not water, but


some inert hydrocarbon (probably chosen 72o
because its density varies with temperature
more than that of water does).
72o 68o

The correct temperature is the lowest


floating bulb. As temperature increases, 68o
density of the clear medium decreases
(and bulbs sink).
64o 64o

RECALL: Density equals mass / volume.


Dissolving of Salt in Water

Na+
ions Water molecules

Cl-
ions

NaCl(s) + H2O Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


Determine the minimum amount of salt needed
to make a golf ball float in 100 mL water.

Weigh out 50.0 g of NaCl


Add 5 g additions of salt to the water, dissolve, check to see if ball floats.
Continue with this method of successive additions until ball floats.
Re-weigh remaining salt and subtract this amount from 50.0 g to determine
the amount of salt needed.
Finally, repeatbegin 5 g less salt and add 1 g increments to narrow range.

Trial Salt (g) Total Float /Sink


1 5.0 g 5.0 g Sink
2 5.0 g 10.0 g Sink
3 5.0 g 15.0 g Sink
4 5.0 g 20.0 g Sink
5 5.0 g 25.0 g Float
Theorize, but Verify
We must trust in
nothing but facts. These
are presented to us by
nature and cannot
deceive. We ought in
every instance to submit
our reasoning to the test
of experiment. It is
especially necessary to
guard against the
extravagances of
imagination which incline
to step beyond the
bounds of truth.
Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 1
Theory Guides, Laboratory Decides!
Density of water = 1.0 g/mL

Need to determine density of a golf ball.


mass =______ g (electronic balance)
volume = ______ mL (water displacement method) or formula?

Density of golf ball cannot be made to decrease. Therefore, you need to


increase the density of the water by dissolving salt into the water.

Limiting Factor: accurate determination of volume of golf ball

Solubility Curve of salt in water.


Water has a limit to how much salt can be dissolved.
Saturation point at which the solution is full and cannot hold anymore solute.
Packing of NaCl Ions

Electron Microscope
Photograph of NaCl
Dissolving of Salt in Water

Na+
ions Water molecules

Cl-
ions

NaCl(s) + H2O Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


Dissolving of Salt in Water

Na+
ions Water molecules

Cl-
ions

NaCl(s) + H2O Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


Dissolving of Salt in Water

Na+
ions Water molecules

Cl-
ions

NaCl(s) + H2O Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)


Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
Dissolving of NaCl
H H

Na+

+ +
+

- + -
hydrated ions
+ -
+ - -
Cl-

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 287


Interstitial Spaces and Particle Size

Interstitial spaces
(holes in water where substances dissolve)

100 mL
Parking at school if you arrive at 7:00 AM = _____
Easy
Parking at school if you arrive at 7:45 AM = _____
Hard

More available spaces if you arrive early. Salt dissolves quicker when you
begin because there are more available spaces to 'park'.

Analogy: Compact car is easier to park than SUV.


Theory: Crush salt to make particles smaller (increase surface area)
it will dissolve more rapidly. STIR
100 mL of water = 100 g density of water= 1.00 g/mL

You determine the density of golf ball to be 1.18 g/mL

Add 19 g salt to 100 g water = 119 g salt + water


Volume remains100 mL (saltwater)

Density = Mass 119 g


volume or 100 mL

Density (saltwater) = 1.19 g/mL

If golf ball doesnt float, add 2 mL additions of salt until it floats.

Add 3.0 mL water,stirfloat 119 g x g salt


Add 3.0 mL water,stirfloat
100 mL 6 mL 100 mL
Add 3.0 mL water,stirsink
Goals and Objectives:
a. Given materials and problem, formulate and test a hypothesis to
determine if a golf ball can float in salt water.
b. Collect accurate data and compare own data to other class
data. Evaluate own results.

Investigation Procedure:
a. Design an experiment to accurately determine how dense salt water
must be in order for a golf ball to float. Use metric units. Be sure to
control as many variables as possible.
b. Write down the procedure that you and your partner(s) are going to use
prior to lab day. Record any researched facts that may be useful in
knowing before conducting your experiment.
c. Carefully run your experiment, make observations and record your
measurements in a data table. Use grams and milliliters in your
measurements. Include a calculation column in your data table.
d. Critique your own procedure, discuss and compare your process with
another group, then modify your own steps as needed.
e. Repeat your experiment to check for accuracy, if time allows.
Discussion Questions for Understanding:

a. How did you determine the density of your golf ball?


b. Why does a golf ball normally sink to the bottom of a pond at the golf course?
c. What variables were difficult or impossible for you to control during this
experiment?
How much salt can be dissolved in 100 mL of water? (saturated)
effect of temperature on solubility
Surface area of salt may affect rate of dissolving (may need to crush salt finely)
d. What variables may have changed as time went on that could have affected
the outcome of your results?
e. Did you improve the accuracy of your results after conferring with another
group?
f. Describe your sources of error.
(Human error and faulty equipment are unacceptable answers)
Materials:
electronic balance 100 mL & 500 mL graduated cylinder
mortar / pestle glass stirring rod
golf ball salt (Kosher, iodized table salt, table salt)
250 mL beaker
Extension:
a. Research the manufacturing of golf balls to determine why they sink in
pond water.
b. Research to determine which body of salt water in the world would float a
golf ball the highest.
Lab Report : (10 - 12 point font two page maximum length)
Background / problem
Hypothesis (if...then)
Procedure (protocol)
Data (table, graph)
Analysis
Conclusions / Future directions (limitations)
Sample calculations - Appendix

Do not use references to yourself or others in your writing of a lab report


(except for citing past research).
OR
Poster (25 words or less) A picture is worth 1000 words!
Solid, Liquid, Gas

(a) Particles in solid (b) Particles in liquid (c) Particles in gas


Solid

H2O(s) Ice

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31


Ice

Photograph of ice model Photograph of snowflakes

H2O(s) Ice

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.


In a liquid
molecules are in

Liquid constant motion


there are appreciable
intermolecular forces
molecules are close
together
Liquids are almost
incompressible
Liquids do not fill the
container

H2O(l) Water

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31


Gas

H2O(g) Steam
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
Liquids
The two key properties we need to describe are
EVAPORATION and its opposite CONDENSATION

add energy and break intermolecular bonds

EVAPORATION

CONDENSATION

release energy and form intermolecular bonds


States of Matter
Gas, Liquid, and Solid

Gas Liquid Solid

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 441


States of Matter

Solid heat Liquid heat Gas


Holds Shape Shape of Container Shape of Container
Fixed Volume Free Surface Volume of Container
Fixed Volume
Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape
the container of its container

Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of
the container

Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apart


Particles

Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially none


particles
Evaporation
To evaporate, molecules must have
sufficient energy to break IM forces.
Molecules at the surface break away
and become gas.
Only those with enough KE escape.
Breaking IM forces requires energy. The
process of evaporation is endothermic.
Evaporation is a cooling process.
It requires heat.
Condensation
Change from gas to liquid
Achieves a dynamic equilibrium with
vaporization in a closed system.
What is a closed system?
A closed system means matter cant
go in or out. (put a cork in it)
What the heck is a dynamic
equilibrium?
Dynamic Equilibrium

When first sealed, the molecules


gradually escape the surface of the
liquid.
As the molecules build up above the
liquid - some condense back to a
liquid.
The rate at which the molecules
evaporate and condense are equal.
Dynamic Equilibrium
As time goes by the rate of vaporization
remains constant but the rate of
condensation increases because there
are more molecules to condense.

Equilibrium is reached when:


Rate of Vaporization = Rate of Condensation
Molecules are constantly changing phase dynamic
The total amount of liquid and vapor remains constant
equilibrium
Vaporization

Vaporization is an endothermic process - it


requires heat.
Energy is required to overcome intermolecular
forces
Responsible for cool earth
Why we sweat
Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes

Gas

Vaporization Condensation
Energy of system

Sublimation Deposition

Liquid

Melting Freezing

Solid

Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry 2000, page 405


Heating Curve for Water

E
gas
100 D
Temperature (oC)

C
liquid

B
0
A
solid
Heat added
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 487
Heating Curve for Water

vaporization
E
gas
100 D
Temperature (oC)

condensation
C
melting liquid

B
0
A
freezing
solid
Heat added
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 487
Latent Heat
Take 1 kg of water from 10 oC up to 150 oC we can
plot temperature rise against absorbed heat

steam
100 C (water vapor)

ice
water
0C
-10 C
Lf = 80 cal/g Lv = 540 cal/g
Q heat absorbed

Lf is the latent heat of fusion


Lv is the latent heat of vaporization
MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no


uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions

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Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.

Elements Compounds
substance
Mixtures
only one kind with two or
definite two or more two or more
of atom; atoms
makeup more kinds kinds of substances
are bonded it
and of atoms and that are
the element
properties that are physically
is diatomic or
bonded mixed
polyatomic

Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
Matter Flowchart
Examples:
graphite element
pepper hetero. mixture
sugar (sucrose) compound
paint hetero. mixture
soda solution
homo. mixture

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Pure Substances
Element
composed of identical atoms
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

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Pure Substances
Compound
composed of 2 or more elements
in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those of
individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Pure Substances
Law of Definite Composition
A given compound always contains the same,
fixed ratio of elements.

Law of Multiple Proportions


Elements can combine in different ratios to
form different compounds.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Pure Substances
For example

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO

Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO 2

Two different compounds,


each has a definite composition.
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Mixtures

Variable combination of two or more


pure substances.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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Mixtures
Solution
homogeneous
very small particles
no Tyndall effect Tyndall Effect

particles dont settle


EX: rubbing alcohol

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Mixtures
Colloid
heterogeneous
medium-sized particles
Tyndall effect
particles dont settle
EX: milk

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Mixtures
Suspension
heterogeneous
large particles
Tyndall effect
particles settle
EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Mixtures
Examples:
mayonnaise colloid
muddy water suspension
fog colloid
saltwater solution
Italian salad
dressing suspension

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Classification of Matter

Materials

al
er

Homogeneous
en

Heterogeneous
/G
c
ifi
ec
Sp

Substance Homogeneous Heterogeneous


mixture mixture

Element Compound Solution Mixture

Order / Disorder

Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 43


Classification of Matter

MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)

Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
physical means into

Separated by
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS MIXTURES MIXTURE
chemical
means into

Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
Classification of Matter
hetero-
uniform no geneous
properties? mixture

no solution
fixed
composition?

no element
chemically
decomposable?
yes compound

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

hydrogen oxygen atoms


atoms hydrogen
atoms

(a) (b) (c) (d)


an element a compound a mixture a mixture
(hydrogen) (water) (hydrogen (hydrogen
and oxygen) and oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

hydrogen oxygen atoms


atoms hydrogen
atoms

(a) (b) (c) (d)


an element a compound a mixture a mixture
(hydrogen) (water) (hydrogen (hydrogen
and oxygen) and oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
Mixture vs. Compound
Different Alike Different

Variable Involve Fixed


Composition substances Composition

Topic Topic
No bonds Contain Bonds
between Mixture two or more Compound between
components elements components

Can be Can be Can ONLY be


separated by separated separated by
physical means into chemical means
elements
Compounds vs. Mixtures
Compounds have properties that are
uniquely different from the elements from
which they are made.
A formula can always be written for a compound
e.g. NaCl Na + Cl2

Mixtures retain their individual properties.


e.g. Salt water is salty and wet
Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7
H2

N2 O2 F 2

Cl2

Br2

F2
Products made from Sulfur
SULFURIC
ACID 88%

Superphosphates
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
CARBON Mixed fertilizers
DISULFIDE 3%
GROUND &
Magazines and printing papers DEFINED 3%
Writing and fine papers Containers and boxes
Newsprint PULP 3% Autos
Wrapping and bag papers IRON & STEEL 1%
Pulp for rayon and film OT Appliances
Sanitary and tissue papers HE Tin and other containers
Absorbent papers RI
ND Galvanized products
US

T I TA
Rayon TR

R A U M AN D T S 5 %
3% I ES
Cellophane

YO
ER

NI
H 6%
Carbon Tetrachloride OT

N&
CHEMICAL 17%

PIG
Ruber processing

FIL
chemicals

MEN
NONACID 12% PETROLEUM 2%

M
OTH

3%
Explosives

ER
Insecticides Tire Nonferrous metals
Synthetic detergents
Fungicides cords Synthetic rubber
Specialty steels Feed additives
Rubber vulcanizing Viscose Storage batteries
Magnessium Anti-knock gasoline Aluminum reduction Paints and
Soil sulfur textiles Aviation Textile finishing
Leather processing Synthetic resins Paper sizing enamels Gasoline
Acetate
Photography Protective coating Water treatment Linoleum and
textiles
Dyestuffs Dyestuffs Pharmaceuticals coated fabrics
Blended Lubricants
Bleaching Oil well acidizing Insecticides Paper
fabrics
Soybean extraction Petroleum catalysts Antifreeze Printing inks Other
Cellophane
Photographic Refinery
film products
Rhombic sulfur
Brimstone (when Sulfur
molten)
Polyatomic (S8)
Forms SO2

Amorphous sulfur
(without shape) The sudden cooling of m-sulfur
produces amorphous sulfur.
Amorphous
Crystalline
(Glass)
The Haber Process
Matter
Matter

Physically
Substance separable Mixture
Mixtureof
of
Substance
Definite
Definitecomposition
composition Substances
Substances
(homogeneous) Variable
(homogeneous) Variablecomposition
composition

Chemically
separable Homogeneous
Homogeneousmixture Heterogeneous
Element Compound mixture Heterogeneousmixture
mixture
Element Compound Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
(Examples: iron, sulfur, (Examples: water. Uniform throughout, Nonuniform
(Examples: iron, sulfur, (Examples: water. also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane, also called a solution distinct phases
carbon, hydrogen, iron (II) sulfide, methane, (Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate) (Examples: air, tap water, (Examples: soup,
oxygen, silver) Aluminum silicate) gold alloy) concrete, granite)
gold alloy) concrete, granite)
The Organization of Matter
MATTER

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES MIXTURE

Physical methods

PURE
SUBSTANCES

ELEMENTS Chemical COMPOUNDS


methods
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 41
Top Ten
Top Elements
Ten Elements
in the
in the Universe
Universe
Percent
Element (by atoms)
A typical spiral galaxy
1. Hydrogen 73.9 (Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)
2. Helium 24.0
3. Oxygen 1.1
4. Carbon 0.46
5. Neon 0.13
6. Iron 0.11
7. Nitrogen 0.097
8. Silicon 0.065
9. Magnesium 0.058
10. Sulfur 0.044
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26
The Composition of Air

Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Helium
Helium Oxygen
Oxygen

Neon Air Water


Water
Neon Air vapor
vapor

Carbon
Carbon Argon
Argon
dioxide
dioxide

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34


Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of nitrogen: N2

Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of O2


two atoms of oxygen:

Water consists of molecules consisting of two H2O


hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:

Argon consists of individual argon atoms: Ar

Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting


of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom: CO2

Neon consists of individual neon atoms:


Ne

Helium consists of individual helium atoms: He


Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35
Reviewing Concepts
Classifying Matter

Why does every sample of a given substance


have the same properties?
Explain why the composition of an element is
fixed.
Describe the composition of a compound.
Why can the properties of a mixture vary?
On what basis can mixtures be classified as
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?
Unit Cells

Simple cubic Body-centered Face-centered


cubic cubic

Tetragonal Monoclinic Hexagonal

The kind of symmetry found throughout a crystalline substance is determined


by the type of unit cell which generates the lattice structure.
Simple cubic Body-centered cubic Face-centered cubic
Cubic
Body-Centered Cubic
Face-Centered Cubic
Phosphorous (P4)
TWO ALLOTROPIC FORMS

White phosphorous
spontaneously ignites

Red phosphorous
used for matches

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 457


Sodium Chloride Crystal

= Cl-

= Na+
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 455
Packing of NaCl Ions

= Cl 1- = Na1+
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 456
Packing of NaCl Ions

Electron Microscope
Photograph of NaCl
Molecular Structure of Ice

Hydrogen
bonding

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 455


Dry Ice Carbon Dioxide
Allotropes of Carbon

Graphite Diamond Buckminsterfullerene

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 27


Allotropes
of Carbon

Graphite
Graphite

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.


Allotropes of
Carbon

Diamond

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 455


Diamond
Diamonds in Garage
Made gem quality
diamonds by
burning wood
Scholarship

Molecular structure
of diamond

LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 476
Molecular
structure
of
Diamond
Allotropes of
Carbon

C60 & C70

Buckyballs
Buckytubes

Buckminsterfullerene
Credit: Baughman et al., Science 297, 787 (2002)
Trojan Horse

Can use camouflage to hide things. Be careful whats in the Trojan!

Buckyballs can hide medicine to treat the human body.


Gold
Gold
Copper
Silver

24 karat gold 18 karat gold 14 karat gold

24
/24 atoms Au 18
/24 atoms Au 14
/24 atoms Au
An alloy is a mixture of metals.

Brass = Copper + Zinc


Solid brass
homogeneous mixture Solid Brass
a substitutional alloy

Copper

Zinc
Brass = Copper + Zinc
Brass plated
heterogeneous mixture Brass Plated
Only brass on outside

Copper

Zinc
Hardened Steel
a interstitial alloy

Steel Iron
Carbon
Steel Alloys

Tensile strength
Stainless steel
Tungsten hardened steel Force is added

Vanadium steel
We can engineer properties
Add carbon to increase strength
Too much carbon too brittle and snaps
Too little carbon too ductile and iron bends
Galvanized Nails and Screws

Zinc coating prevents rust


Use deck screws for any outdoor project
Iron will rust if untreated
Weaken and break
Nitinol Wire
Alloy of nickel and titanium
Remembers shape when heated

Applications:
surgery, shirts that do not need to be
ironed.
Properties of Matter
Electrical Conductivity
Heat Conductivity
Density
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Malleability
Ductility
Methods of Separating Mixtures
Magnet
Filter
Decant
Evaporation
Centrifuge
Chromatography
Distillation
Mixture of
solid and
liquid Stirring
rod

Filtration
separates
Funnel

a liquid
Filter paper
from a traps solid

solid

Filtrate (liquid
component
of the mixture)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
Chromatography
Tie-dye t-shirt

Black pen ink

DNA testing
Tomb of Unknown Soldiers
Crime scene
Paternity testing
Paper Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
of Water-Soluble Dyes

orange red yellow

Filter paper
(stationary phase)
Suggested
red dye
is not
homogeneous

Orange mixture of
red
and
yellow

Initial spots of dyes

Direction of Water
(mobile phase)
movement
Separation by Chromatography

sample
mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase mobile phase detector


selectively absorbs sweeps sample
components down column

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
Separation by Chromatography

sample
mixture

a chromatographic column

stationary phase mobile phase detector


selectively absorbs sweeps sample
components down column

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
Ion chromatogram of orange juice
K+
response
detector

Na+
Mg2+ Fe3+
Ca2+

0 5 10 15 20 25
time (minutes)
Setup to heat a solution
Ring stand

Beaker

Wire gauze

Ring

Bunsen burner

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42


Glass Retort Glass retort

mixture for distillation


placed in here

long spout helps


vapors to condense

Furnace
Eyewitness Science Chemistry , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13
A Distillation Apparatus
thermometer

liquid with a solid


dissolved in it condenser

tube
distilling
flask

receiving pure
hose connected to flask liquid
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282 cold water faucet
The solution is boiled and steam
is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39


Salt remains after all water is
boiled off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39


No chemical change occurs
when salt water is distilled.

Distillation
(physical method)

Salt

Saltwater solution Pure water


(homogeneous mixture)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40


Separation of a sand-saltwater
mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40


Separation of Sand from Salt
1. Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a plastic spoon.
Follow this flowchart to make a complete separation.

Salt- Pour into Stir and let


Weigh the Fill with
crusted heat-resistant settle 1
mixture. water.
sand. container. minute.

Calculate Dry Decant


Weigh
weight of clear
sand. sand.
salt. liquid.

No

2. How does this flow


Evaporate
chart insure a complete Repeat Wet
to
3 times? sand.
separation? dryness. Yes
Four-stroke Internal
Combustion Engine
Different Types of Fuel Combustion

Gasoline (octane)
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

Methanol (in racing fuel)

__CH3OH +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O


Combustion Chamber
- The combustion chamber is the area where compression
and combustion take place.
- Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct ratio.
The Advantages of Methanol -
Burning Engines
Methanol can run at much higher compression ratios,
meaning that you can get more power from the engine on
each piston stroke.
Methanol provides significant cooling when it evaporates
in the cylinder, helping to keep the high-revving, high-
compression engine from overheating.
Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished with water
if there is a fire. This is an important safety feature.
The ignition temperature for methanol (the temperature at
which it starts burning) is much higher than that for
gasoline, so the risk of an accidental fire is lower.
A Race Car - Basic Information

At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "high-
performance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers
might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines.
At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive
engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger
pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each
stroke.
The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in
the high rpm.
Centrifugation

Spin sample very rapidly: AFTER


Before
denser materials go to
bottom (outside)
Separate blood into serum
and plasma Serum
Serum (clear)
Blood
Plasma (contains red blood
cells RBCs) RBCs

Check for anemia (lack of iron)


A B C
Water Molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8


The decomposition of two water
molecules.

Water Diatomic Diatomic


molecules oxygen molecule + hydrogen molecules

Electric
current

2 H2O O2 + 2 H2
Electrolysis Water

electro = electricity
lysis = to split Oxygen Hydrogen
gas forms gas forms

*H1+
H2O(l) O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
water oxygen hydrogen Source of Electrode
direct current

*Must add acid catalyst


to conduct electricity
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 32
Electrolysis of Water
D.C. power
source

oxygen hydrogen
gas gas

anode cathode
Half reaction at the cathode (reduction):
4 H2O + 4 e - 2 H2 + 4 OH 1-
water
Half reaction at the anode (oxidation):
2 H2O O2 + 4 H 1+ + 4 e -
Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

List seven examples of physical


properties.
Describe three uses of physical
properties.
Name two processes that are used to
separate mixtures.
When you describe a liquid as thick, are
you saying that it has a high or low
viscosity?
Reviewing Concepts
Physical Properties

Explain why sharpening a pencil is an


example of a physical change.

What allows a mixture to be separated by


distillation?
Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

Under what conditions can chemical


properties be observed?
List three common types of evidence for a
chemical change.
How do chemical changes differ from
physical changes?
Reviewing Concepts
Chemical Properties

Explain why the rusting of an iron bar


decreases the strength of the bar.

A pat of butter melts and then burns in a


hot frying pan. Which of these changes is
physical and which is chemical?
if molecules collide with enough
force to break them into atoms, a
ELEMENT CHEMICAL REACTION can take place

hydrogen molecule, H2

BANG!

COMPOUND
MIXTURE water, H2O
ELEMENT
a mixture of
oxygen molecule, O2 hydrogen and
oxygen molecules
2 H22 + O22 2 H22O + E

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.


The Zeppelin LZ 129 Hindenburg catching fire on May
6, 1937 at Lakehurst Naval Air Station in New Jersey.
S.S. Hindenburg

German zeppelin
luxury liner
Exploded on
maiden voyage
Filled with
hydrogen gas
35 people died when the Hindenburg exploded.

May 1937 at Lakehurst, New Jersey


Hydrogen is the most effective buoyant gas,
but is it highly flammable. The disastrous fire
in the Hindenburg, a hydrogen-filled dirigible,
in 1937 led to the replacement of hydrogen
by nonflammable helium.
Erosion Takes a Powder

Untreated Treated

f
n of
il ru
so
p
To
Sodium Polyacrylate
Absorbent Material
Absorbs 700x volume of water
Magicians
Pour water in hat and it disappears
Diapers
Farmers
Anti-erosion powder
Add to Soils
hold moisture between watering
Specific Heats
of Some Substances
Specific Heat
Substance (cal/ g oC) (J/g oC)
Water 1.00 4.18
Alcohol 0.58 2.4
Wood 0.42 1.8
Aluminum0.22 0.90
Sand 0.19 0.79
Iron 0.11 0.46
Copper 0.093 0.39
Silver 0.057 0.24
Gold 0.031 0.13
(a) Radiant energy (b) Thermal energy

(c) Chemical energy (d) Nuclear energy (e) Electrical energy


Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
Potential energy

Energy in Energy out

kinetic energy kinetic energy

The energy something possesses due to its motion, depending on mass and velocity.
A
Energy
C
B

Kinetic Energy energy of motion

KE = m v 2
mass velocity (speed)

Potential Energy stored energy

Batteries (chemical potential energy)


Spring in a watch (mechanical potential energy)
Water trapped above a dam (gravitational potential energy)
School Bus or Bullet?
Which has more kinetic energy;
a slow moving school bus or a fast moving bullet?

Recall: KE = m v 2
BUS BULLET
KE = m v 2 KE = m v 2

KE(bus) = (10,000 lbs) (0.5 mph)2 KE(bullet) = (0.002 lbs) (240 mph)2

Either may have more KE, it depends on the mass of the bus and the velocity
of the bullet.
Which is a more important factor: mass or velocity? Why? (Velocity)2
Kinetic Energy and Reaction
Rate
lower temperature

higher temperature
Fractions of particles

minimum energy
for reaction

Kinetic energy
Kinetic Energy and Reaction
Rate
lower temperature

higher temperature
Fractions of particles

minimum energy
for reaction

Kinetic energy
Hot vs. Cold Tea

Low temperature
Many molecules have an (iced tea)
intermediate kinetic energy
High temperature
(hot tea)

Few molecules have a


very high kinetic energy
Percent of molecules

Kinetic energy
Decomposition of Nitrogen Triiodide
Decomposition of
Nitrogen Triiodide

N2
NI3 I2

2 NI3(s) N2(g) + 3 I2(g)


Exothermic Reaction
Reactants Products + Energy
10 energy = 8 energy + 2 energy

Energy of reactants

Energy of products
Energy

Reactants

-DH

Products
Reaction Progress
Endothermic Reaction
Energy + Reactants Products

Activation
Energy

Products
Energy

Reactants
+DH Endothermic

Reaction progress
Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rate
WhatCatalyst
is a catalyst?
lowersWhat does it do
the activation duringfor
energy a chemical reaction?
the reaction.

No catalyst

activation energy
for catalyzed reaction
Energy

reactants

products

Reaction Progress
An Energy Diagram

activated
complex

activation
Ea energy

reactants
energy

products

course of reaction
Animation by Raymond Chang
All rights reserved
Energy Sources in the United States

100 91

80 71 70

60 58
Percent

50
40
40
26
21 20
20 16
9 5 10 10
3
0
1850 1900 1940 1980 1990

Wood Coal Petroleum / natural gas Hydro and nuclear

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 307


Energy Sources in the United States

100 91

80 71 70

60 58
Percent

50
40
40
26
21 20
20 16
9 5 10 10
3
0
1850 1900 1940 1980 1990

Wood Coal Petroleum / natural gas Hydro and nuclear

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 307


Energy Sources in the United States

100 91

80 71 70

60 58
Percent

50 50
40
40
26 26
21 20 21
20 16
9 5 10 10
3
0
1850 1900 1940 1980 1990 2005

Wood Coal Petroleum / natural gas Hydro and nuclear

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 307


Energy Conversion

fan
electrical energy to
mechanical energy

coffee maker
electrical energy to
light bulb thermal energy
electrical energy to
light energy to
thermal and radiant energy

pencil sharpener
electrical energy to
mechanical energy

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 202


Burning of a Match

System Surroundings
Potential energy

(Reactants)
D(PE) Energy released to the surrounding as heat

(Products)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 293


Conservation of Energy
in a Chemical Reaction
In this example, the energy
Endothermic
of the reactants
Reaction
and products increases,
while the energy of the surroundings decreases.
Reactant + Energy Product
In every case, however, the total energy does not change.

Surroundings

Surroundings
Energy

System

System

Before After
Myers, Oldham, Tocci, Chemistry, 2004, page 41 reaction reaction
Conservation of Energy
in a Chemical Reaction
In this example, the energy
Exothermic
of the reactants
Reactionand products decreases,
while the energy of the surroundings increases.
Reactant Product + Energy
In every case, however, the total energy does not change.

Surroundings Surroundings
Energy

System
System

Before After
Myers, Oldham, Tocci, Chemistry, 2004, page 41 reaction reaction
Direction of Heat Flow

Surroundings

ENDOthermic EXOthermic
qsys > 0 qsys < 0
System

H2O(s) + heat H2O(l) H2O(l) H2O(s) + heat

melting freezing
System

Kotz, Purcell, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 1991, page 207


Caloric Values
Food joules/grams calories/gram Calories/gram
Protein 17 000 4000 4

Fat 38 000 9000 9

Carbohydrates 17 000 4000 4

1calories = 4.184 joules 1000 calories = 1 Calorie


"science" "food"
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 51
Units of energy

Most common units of energy

1. S unit of energy is the joule (J), defined as 1


(kilogrammeter2)/second2, energy is also
expressed in kilojoules (1 kJ = 103J).

2. Non-S unit of energy is the calorie where 1


calorie (cal) is the amount of energy needed
to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C.
One cal = 4.184 J or 1J = 0.2390 cal.

Units of energy are the same, regardless of the form of energy


Experimental Determination of Specific Heat of a Metal

Typical apparatus used in this activity include a boiler (such as large glass
beaker), a heat source (Bunsen burner or hot plate), a stand or tripod for
the boiler, a calorimeter, thermometers, samples (typically samples of
copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, or lead), tongs (or forceps or string) to handle
samples, and a balance.
Thermometer
Thermometer

A Coffee Cup Glass stirrer

Calorimeter
Cork stopper
Styrofoam
cover

Styrofoam
cups

Two Styrofoam
cups Stirrer
nested
together containing
reactants in solution

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 302


Bomb Calorimeter

thermometer

stirrer

full of water

ignition wire

steel bomb

sample
A Bomb Calorimeter
Heating Curves

Gas - KE

Boiling - PE
Liquid - KE
Melting - PE
Solid - KE

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Heating Curves

140
120
Gas - KE
100
80
Temperature (oC)

60 Boiling - PE
40
20 Liquid - KE
0
-20 Melting - PE
-40
-60
Solid - KE
-80
-100
Time
Heating Curves
Temperature Change
change in KE (molecular motion)
depends on heat capacity

Heat Capacity
energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a
substance by 1C
Volcano clip -
water has a very high heat capacity

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Heating Curves
Phase Change
change in PE (molecular arrangement)
temp remains constant

Heat of Fusion (DHfus)


energy required to melt 1 gram of a substance at its
m.p.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Heating Curves
Heat of Vaporization (DHvap)
energy required to boil 1 gram of a substance at its
b.p.
usually larger than DHfuswhy?

EX: sweating,
steam burns, the
drinking bird

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Phase Diagrams
Show the phases of a substance at different
temps and pressures.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Calculating Energy Changes -
Heating Curve for Water

140 DH = mol x DHvap


120 DH = mol x DHfus
100
80
Temperature (oC)

60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas


40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60
-80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid
-100
Time
Equal Masses of Hot and Cold Water

Thin metal wall


Insulated box Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
Water Molecules in Hot and Cold Water

Hot water Cold Water


90 oC 10 oC
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
Water Molecules in the same
temperature water

Water Water
(50 oC)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291
(50 oC)
Heat Transfer

Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30oC

Al Al 20 g 40o C 20 g 20o C 30o C


(20 g 20 g)

m = 20 g m = 20 g What will be the final temperature


T = 40oC T = 20oC of the system ?

a) 60oC b) 30oC c) 20oC d) ?

Assume NO heat energy is lost to the surroundings from the system.


? Heat Transfer

Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30.0oC
20 g (40oC) 10 g (20oC) 33.3oC

Al 20 g 40o C 10 g 20o C 33. 3 o C


Al (20 g 10 g)

m = 20 g m = 10 g What will be the final temperature


T = 40oC T = 20oC of the system ?

a) 60oC b) 30oC c) 20oC d) ?

Assume NO heat energy is lost to the surroundings from the system.


Heat Transfer

Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30.0oC
20 g (40oC) 10 g (20oC) 33.3oC
20 g (20oC) 10 g (40oC) 26.7oC

20 g 20o C 10 g 40o C 26. 7 o C


Al
Al
(20 g 10 g)
m = 20 g m = 10 g
T = 20oC T = 40oC

Assume NO heat energy is lost to the surroundings from the system.


Heat Transfer

Surroundings Final
Block A Block B Temperature
SYSTEM
20 g (40oC) 20 g (20oC) 30.0oC
20 g (40oC) 10 g (20oC) 33.3oC
20 g (20oC) 10 g (40oC) 26.7oC

Ag 75 g 25o C 30 g 100 o C 46o C


H2O
(75 g 30 g)
m = 75 g m = 30 g
T = 25oC T = 100oC Real Final Temperature = 26.6oC
Why?

Weve been assuming ALL materials


transfer heat equally well.
Specific Heat
Water and silver do not transfer heat equally well.
Water has a specific heat Cp = 4.184 J/goC
Silver has a specific heat Cp = 0.235 J/goC

What does that mean?


It requires 4.184 Joules of energy to heat 1 gram of water 1oC
and only 0.235 Joules of energy to heat 1 gram of silver 1 oC.

Law of Conservation of Energy


In our situation (silver is hot and water is cold)
this means water heats up slowly and requires a lot of energy

whereas silver will cool off quickly and not release much energy.

Lets look at the math!


loses heat

qAg qH2O Calorimetry


Cp m DT Cp m DT
Cp m Tfinal Tinitial Cp m Tf Ti

Substitute values into equation.


0.235 J go C 30 g x - 100 o C 4.184 J go C 75 g x - 25 o C
Surroundings
Drop units and solve the algebra.
SYSTEM
705 7.05 x 313.8x 7845
8550 320.8x Tfinal = 26.6oC

x 26.6o C
H2 O Ag

m = 75 g m = 30 g
T = 25oC T = 100oC
qAg qH2O
Calorimetry
Cp m DT Cp m DT
Cp m Tfinal Tinitial Cp m Tf Ti

Substitute values into equation.


0.235 J go C 30 g x - 100 o C 4.184 J go C 75 g x - 25 o C

Surroundings
Drop units and solve the algebra.
705 7.05 x 313.8x 7845 SYSTEM
320.8x 8550
x 26.6 o C

H2 O Ag

m = 75 g m = 30 g
T = 25oC T = 100oC
1 calorie - amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 oC

1 Calorie = 1000 calories


food = science

Candy bar
300 Calories = 300,000 calories
English

Joules
Metric = _______ 1 calorie = 4.184 Joules
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100

Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60

Cp(ice) = 2.077 J/g oC -80


-100
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid

Time

It takes 2.077 Joules to raise 1 gram ice 1oC.


X Joules to raise 10 gram ice 1oC.
(10 g)(2.077 J/g oC) = 20.77 Joules

X Joules to raise 10 gram ice 10oC.


(10oC)(10 g)(2.077 J/g oC) = 207.7 Joules

q = Cp . m . DT
Heat = (specific heat) (mass) (change in temperature)
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100

Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60
-80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid

q = Cp . m . DT -100

Time

Heat = (specific heat) (mass) (change in temperature)

Given Ti = -30oC q Cp(ice) m DT


Tf = -20oC
q Cp(ice) m Tfinal Tinitial

2.077 J
q 10 g - 20 o
C ( 30 o
C)
g C
o

q = 207.7 Joules
240 g of water (initially at 20oC) are mixed with an unknown mass of iron (initially at 500oC).
When thermal equilibrium is reached, the system has a temperature of 42oC.
Find the mass of the iron.

T = 500oC
Fe mass = ? grams

T = 20oC
mass = 240 g - LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [(Cp,Fe) (mass) (DT)] = (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)


2

- [(0.4495 J/goC) (X g) (42oC - 500oC)] = (4.184 J/goC) (240 g) (42oC - 20oC)]

Drop Units: - [(0.4495) (X) (-458)] = (4.184) (240 g) (22)


205.9 X = 22091
X = 107.3 g Fe

Calorimetry Problems 2
question #5
A 97 g sample of gold at 785oC is dropped into 323 g of water, which has an initial
temperature of 15oC. If gold has a specific heat of 0.129 J/goC, what is the final
temperature of the mixture? Assume that the gold experiences no change in state
of matter.

T = 785oC
Au mass = 97 g

T = 15oC
mass = 323 g
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [(Cp,Au) (mass) (DT)] = (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)


2

Drop Units: - [(0.129 J/goC) (97 g) (Tf - 785oC)] = (4.184 J/goC) (323 g) (Tf - 15oC)]
- [(12.5) (Tf - 785oC)] = (1.35x 103) (Tf - 15oC)]
-12.5 Tf + 9.82 x 103 = 1.35 x 103 Tf - 2.02 x 104
3 x 104 = 1.36 x 103 Tf
Tf = 22.1oC

Calorimetry Problems 2
question #8
If 59 g of water at 13oC are mixed with 87 g of water at 72oC, find the final temperature
of the system.

T = 13oC T = 72oC
mass = 59 g mass = 87 g

- LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)] = (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)


2 2

Drop Units: - [(4.184 J/goC) (59 g) (Tf - 13oC)] = (4.184 J/goC) (87 g) (Tf - 72oC)]
- [(246.8) (Tf - 13oC)] = (364.0) (Tf - 72oC)]
-246.8 Tf + 3208 = 364 Tf - 26208
29416 = 610.8 Tf
Tf = 48.2oC

Calorimetry Problems 2
question #9
A 38 g sample of ice at -11oC is placed into 214 g of water at 56oC.
Find the system's final temperature.
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100

Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
T = -11oC 20
0
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid

ice mass = 38 g -20


-40
D -60
water cools -80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid

B -100

A warm
C water Time

melt ice
warm ice
T = 56oC
mass = 214 g
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)] = (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT) + (Cf) (mass) + (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)
2 2 2

- [(4.184 J/goC)(214 g)(Tf - 56oC)] = (2.077 J/goC)(38 g)(11oC) + (333 J/g)(38 g) + (4.184 J/goC)(38 g)(Tf - 0oC)
- [(895) (Tf - 56oC)] = 868 + 12654 + (159) (Tf)]
- 895 Tf + 50141 = 868 + 12654 + 159 Tf
- 895 Tf + 50141 = 13522 + 159 Tf
36619 = 1054 Tf
Tf = 34.7oC
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #10
(1000 g = 1 kg)
238.4kg
25 g of 116oC steam are bubbled into 0.2384 g of water at 8 oC. Find the final temperature of the system.

- [qA + qB + qC] = qD
- [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)] + (Cv,H O) (mass) + (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT) = [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]
2 2 2 2

qD = (4.184 J/goC) (238.4 g) (Tf - 8oC)


qD = - 997Tf - 7972

qA = [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]


2 qB = (Cv,H O) (mass)
2
qC = [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]
2

qA = [(2.042 J/goC) (25 g) (100o - 116oC)] qA = (2256 J/g) (25 g) qC = [(4.184 J/goC) (25 g) (Tf - 100oC)]
qA = - 816.8 J qA = - 56400 J qA = 104.5Tf - 10450

- [qA + qB + qC] = qD
140
- [ - 816.8 - 56400 + 104.5T f - 10450] = 997Tf - 7972 120 DH = mol x DHfus
DH = mol x DHvap

100
816.8 + 56400 - 104.5Tf + 10450 = 997Tf - 7972

Temperature (oC)
80
60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas
40
67667 - 104.5Tf = 997Tf - 7979 20
0
Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
A -20
75646 = 1102Tf -40
C -60
1102 1102 -80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid

B -100
Tf = 68.6oC Time
D
Calorimetry Problems 2
question #11
A 322 g sample of lead (specific heat = 0.138 J/goC) is placed into 264 g of water at 25oC.
If the system's final temperature is 46oC, what was the initial temperature of the lead?

T = ? oC
Pb mass = 322 g

Ti = 25oC Tf = 46oC
mass = 264 g Pb
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [(Cp,Pb) (mass) (DT)] = (Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)


2

Drop Units: - [(0.138 J/goC) (322 g) (46oC - Ti)] = (4.184 J/goC) (264 g) (46oC- 25oC)]
- [(44.44) (46oC - Ti)] = (1104.6) (21oC)]
- 2044 + 44.44 Ti = 23197
44.44 Ti = 25241
Ti = 568oC

Calorimetry Problems 2
question #12
A sample of ice at 12oC is placed into 68 g of water at 85oC. If the final temperature
of the system is 24oC, what was the mass of the ice?

T = -12oC
H2O mass = ? g

ice
Ti = 85oC Tf = 24oC
mass = 68 g

qA = [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]


2
GAIN heat = - LOSE heat

qA = [(2.077 J/goC) (mass) (12oC)] 24.9 m [ qA + qB + qC ] = - [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]


2

[ qA + qB + qC ] = - [(4.184 J/goC) (68 g) (-61oC)]


qB = (Cf,H O) (mass)
2

qB = (333 J/g) (mass) 333 m 458.2 m = - 17339


458.2 458.2
qC = [(Cp,H O) (mass) (DT)]
2

qC = [(4.184 J/goC) (mass) (24oC)] 100.3 m m = 37.8 g

qTotal = qA + qB + qC 458.2 m

Calorimetry Problems 2
question #13
Endothermic Reaction
Energy + Reactants Products

Activation
Energy

Energy Products

Reactants
+DH Endothermic

Reaction progress
Catalytic Converter

NO NO NN
NO N
N O
O
NO N
NO N O
OO O

N O
N N
O
N O
O
NO N O
O N

One of the reactions that takes place in the catalytic converter


is the decomposition of nitrogen (II) oxide (NO) to nitrogen and oxygen gas.
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 454
Catalytic Converter
2 CO(g) + 2 NO(g) catalyst N 2(g) + 2 CO2(g)

O
CO C N
N O
OC
NO NO
OC
O

O
N C
N
C
O
OO

One of the reactions that takes place in the catalytic converter is the decomposition of
carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide and nitrogen (II) oxide (NO) to nitrogen gas.
Enthalpy Diagram
H2(g) + O2(g)

DH = +242 kJ 242 kJ 286 kJ DH = -286 kJ


Endothermic Exothermic Endothermic Exothermic
Energy

HH22O(g)
O(g)
- 44 kJ
Exothermic
+44 kJ
Endothermic

HH22O(l)
O(l)

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O(g) + 242 kJ DH = -242 kJ


Kotz, Purcell, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 1991, page 211
Hesss Law
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide from its elements.
C(g) + 2O(g) CO2(g)

Use the following data:


2O(g)O2O
2O(g) 2(g)
(g) DHDH= =- 250
- 250
kJkJ
C(g) C(s)
C(s) C(g) DHDH= =- 720
+720kJkJ
C(s)
CO+ O (g) CO (g)
2(g) 2 C(s) +2 O2(g)
DHDH= =- 390
+390kJkJ

C(g) + 2O(g) CO2(g) DH = -1360 kJ

Smith, Smoot, Himes, pg 141


In football, as in Hess's law, only the initial and final conditions matter.
A team that gains 10 yards on a pass play but has a five-yard penalty,
has the same net gain as the team that gained only 5 yards.

10 yard pass

5 yard net gain

5 yard penalty

initial position final position


of ball of ball
Fission vs. Fusion
Different Alike Different
Change
Split Nucleus Fuse small atoms
large atoms of 2H2 He
U-235 Atoms

Topic Topic
Radioactive Create NO
waste Fission Large Amounts Fusion Radioactive
(long half-life) of Energy waste
E = mc2

Very High
Nuclear
Temperatures
Power Transmutation
~5,000,000 oC
Plants of Elements
(SUN)
Occurs
Irradiated SPAM
Use fear and
selective facts
to promote an
agenda
Eating animals?
Radiation = Bad

Look who is funding research;


it may bias the results.
Shielding Radiation
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fission

First stage: 1 fission Second stage: 2 fission Third stage: 4 fission


Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Power Plants

map: Nuclear Energy Institute


Fermi Approximations
FERMI APPROXIMATIONS

An educated guess based on a series


of calculations of known facts to arrive
at a reasonable answer to a question. Enrico Fermi

How many piano tuners are


there in New York City?

ANSWER:
400 piano tuners
Nuclear Fusion
Sun

+ +

41H
1
2-1 e
0 4
2
He + Energy
Four Two beta One
hydrogen particles helium
nuclei (electrons) nucleus
(protons)
Conservation of Mass
mass is converted into energy

Hydrogen (H2) H = 1.008 amu


Helium (He) He = 4.004 amu
FUSION

2 H2 1 He + ENERGY

1.008 amu
x 4
4.0032 amu = 4.004 amu + 0.028 amu

This relationship was discovered by Albert Einstein


E = mc2
Energy= (mass) (speed of light)2
Time Travel?

Albert Einstein also discovered the Geometry of Space Near a Black Hole

Einsteins theory of general relativity maybe interpreted in


terms of curvature of space in the presence of a gravitational
field. Here we see how this curvature varies near a black hole.
Time Travel?

Albert Einstein also discovered the Geometry of Space Near a Black Hole

Einsteins theory of general relativity maybe interpreted in


terms of curvature of space in the presence of a gravitational
field. Here we see how this curvature varies near a black hole.
Time Travel?
Albert Einstein also discovered the Geometry of Space Near a Black Hole

Einsteins theory of general relativity maybe interpreted in


terms of curvature of space in the presence of a gravitational
field. Here we see how this curvature varies near a black hole.
Tokamak Reactor

Fusion reactor
10,000,000 o Celcius
Russian for torroidial
(doughnut shaped)
ring
Magnetic field
contains plasma
Cold Fusion?

Fraud?
Experiments must
be repeatable to
be valid
Half-life of Radiation
Initial amount
Radioisotope remaining (%) of radioisotope

100
After 1 half-life

After 2 half-lives

50 After 3 half-lives
t1/2

25

12.5 t1/2
t1/2
0 1 2 3 4
Number of half-lives
Triple Point Plot

melting

freezing
liquid
solid
Pressure (atm)

vaporization

condensation
0.6
sublimation gas

deposition

2.6
Temperature (oC)
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 488
Triple Point
22,058
Critical point
Critical
pressure

Normal Normal
melting boiling
point point

101.3
Pressure (KPa)

Solid Liquid Vapor

0.61
Triple point

0 0.016 100 373.99


Temperature (oC) Critical
temperature
Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
Objectives - Matter
Explain why mass is used as a measure of the quantity
of matter.
Describe the characteristics of elements, compounds,
and mixtures.
Solve density problems by applying an understanding of
the concepts of density.
Distinguish between physical and chemical properties
and physical and chemical changes.
Demonstrate an understanding of the law of
conservation of mass by applying it to a chemical
reaction.
Objectives - Energy
Identify various forms of energy.
Describe changes in energy that take place
during a chemical reaction.
Distinguish between heat and temperature.
Solve calorimetry problems.
Describe the interactions that occur between
electrostatic charges.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Eafter = Ebefore

2 H2 + O2 2 H 2O + energy

+ + WOOF!
Law of Conservation of Energy
Eafter = Ebefore
2 H2 + O 2 2 H 2O + energy

+ + WOOF!

heat, light, sound

ENERGY KEstopper

PEproducts
PEreactants

C2H2 + O2 CO2 + H2O


Law of Conservation of Energy
Eafter = Ebefore

2C2H2 + 5O2 4 CO2 + 2H2O + energy

Energy Changes

heat, light, sound

ENERGY KEstopper

PEproducts
PEreactants

C2H2 + O2 C2H2 + O2
First experimental image showing
internal atomic structures

2005 University of Augsburg, Experimental Physics VI, http://www.physik.uni-augs


Heating Curves

140
120
Gas - KE
100
80
Temperature (oC)

60 Boiling - PE
40
20 Liquid - KE
0
-20 Melting - PE
-40
-60
Solid - KE
-80
-100
Time
Heating Curves

Temperature Change
change in KE (molecular motion)
depends on heat capacity

Heat Capacity
energy required to raise the temp of 1
gram of a substance by 1C
Volcano clip - water has a very high
heat capacity
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Heating Curves

Phase Change
change in PE (molecular arrangement)
temp remains constant

Heat of Fusion (DHfus)


energy required to melt 1 gram of a
substance at its m.p.
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Heating Curves

Heat of Vaporization (DHvap)


energy required to boil 1 gram of a
substance at its b.p.
usually larger than DHfuswhy?

EX:sweating,
steam burns,
the drinking bird
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Phase Diagrams

Show the phases of a substance at


different temps and pressures.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Resources - Matter and Energy
Objectives - matter and energy
Objectives - measurement Episode 5 - A Matter of State

Objectives - phases of matter General Chemistry PP


Worksheet - vocabulary Activity - chromatography

Worksheet II - percentage composition Outline - causes of change - calorimetry

Worksheet - properties Worksheet - calorimetry problems 1

Worksheet - density problems Worksheet - calorimetry problems 2

Activity - density blocks & Part 2 Worksheet - heat energy problems

Lab - golf ball lab Worksheet - conversion factors

Worksheet - classifying matter Worksheet - atoms, mass, and the mole

Article - buckyball (pics) & (video) questions activity - mole pattern

Article - buried in ice (questions) Lab - beverage density (PowerPoint)

Textbook - questions
Outline (general)

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