Pengantar Bioetik

(Introduction to Bioethics)

dr. Amalia Muhaimin, MSc. (Bioethics)

Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

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 TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
1. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian dan konsep
dasar moral dan etik
2. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan hubungan maupun
perbedaan antara etik, kode etik, dan hukum
3. Mahasiswa mampu mengidentifikasi dan membedakan
permasalahan etik dengan permasalahan yang lain
4. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan kelahiran dan
perkembangan bioetik
5. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pentingnya bioetik dalam
proses pendidikan serta praktek kedokteran

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 Sub topik
Etik,
Konsep
Permasalahan
Kelahiran
Bioetik
kode etik,
dalam
dandan
perkembangan
pendidikan
(isu)
hukum
etik kedokteran
bioetik

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 What is ethics?

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 Etik (Ethic) Etiket (Etiquette)

= moral = tata krama/sopan santun

Boleh atau tidaknya suatu Cara (manner) suatu

perbuatan dilakukan perbuatan harus dilakukan

Manusia memandang Manusia memandang

dirinya secara lebih dirinya dari aspek lahiriah
mendalam (batiniah) saja

Bersifat absolut, lebih Bersifat relatif; biasanya

universal bersifat lokal

Berawal dari dalam diri, Hanya berlaku dalam

tetap berlaku tanpa saksi pergaulan
mata

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 Etik (ethic) dan Etika (ethics)
http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary

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 Why do we
need ethics?

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 Konsep Dasar Etik

Konsep dasar: should and ought

Should = seharusnya
Ought = sebaiknya

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 Science and Ethics
Science:
Figure out the way the world is, was, or will be

Scientific Questions:
Bagaimana cara mendaur ulang sampah?
Apakah efek asap rokok terhadap kesehatan?
Dari manakah orang bisa tertular HIV?

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 Science and ethics
Scientific Questions: Ethical Questions:

Bagaimana cara mendaur Apakah kita boleh

ulang sampah? menggunakan plastik?

Bagaimanakah efek asap Mengapa kita sebaiknya

rokok terhadap kesehatan? tidak merokok?

Dari manakah orang bisa Apakah kita seharusnya

tertular HIV? mengisolasi para pengidap
HIV?

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 Ethics and Morality

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 Morals define personal character, while ethics stress a social
system in which those morals are applied.
In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behavior
expected by the group to which the individual belongs.

Ethics is about society

Morality is about you

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 Ethical or Moral? OR Unethical and/or Immoral?
Should we/should we not??

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 Hubungan moral dan etika

Ethics is the philosophical study of morality.

The word is commonly used interchangeably with
'morality' to mean the subject matter of this study;

-- John Deigh in Robert Audi (ed), The Cambridge

Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995

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 Ethics and Law
Etika:
Ilmu tentang apa yang baik dan buruk dan tentang hak dan
kewajiban moral (akhlak) (KBBI, 2013)

Hukum:
Suatu aturan tingkah laku manusia dalam masyarakat, dibuat
oleh penguasa atau badan resmi, bersifat memaksa, memiliki
sanksi tegas

Bioethics does not look for what is legally right but for what
is humanly best! EXAMPLE??

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 Ethics and code of ethics
Kode etik:
Bagian dari hukum
Lingkup lebih sempit dari hukum dibuat & diberlakukan
oleh & bagi kalangan anggota profesi
Terdapat sanksi administratif/tuntunan bagi yang tidak
menaati
Pernyataan komprehensif suatu profesi yang memberikan
tuntunan bagi anggota dalam melaksanakan profesi

Membantu dalam proses hukum, dapat memberikan

pertimbangan hakim atau memberikan bahan bagi advokat

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 What is bioethics?

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 The Birth of (Modern) Bioethics
http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1961b.htm
l
kidney dialysis NBC documentary in 1965 entitled "Who
Shall Live?"
The healthcare profession faced "an issue that the traditional
ethics of medicine had not previously faced and for which it
had no ready response. (Albert Jonsen, UW professor of
biomedical history and ethics)

Studi tentang isu-isu etika dan pembuatan keputusan yang

berhubungan dengan makhluk hidup (Macer, 2006)

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 Bioethics in Medical Education

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 Case:
A mother comes with her child with a prescription
from her previous physician which you consider
containing a lot of unnecessary drugs.
Question: What would you do?

(Health Ethics Teaching Guidelines

for the SEA countries, WHO SEARO)

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 Fact of life no clear black & white answers (grey
shades)

Important to look at how we can find some balance

when faced with conflicting ideals

We often do not use what we have learned in

textbooks in real life

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 Goals of bioethics education

1. Knowledge Menambah pengetahuan tentang:

Isu-isu etik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Prinsip-prinsip dasar etika*
Keragaman nilai & budaya

Mampu membuat keputusan yang tepat

di kemudian hari

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 Goals of bioethics education
2. Skills:
Mendengar aktif (active listening) dan berpikiran terbuka
(open minded)
Mengidentifikasi pendapat dan kepercayaan yang berbeda-
beda (multiple perspectives)
Menjelaskan masalah dari beberapa sudut pandang
Mencari informasi yang relevan
Menyampaikan informasi yang diperoleh kepada orang lain

skills cannot be given

create situations to develop skills through interaction
critical discussion!

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Through critical discussion:
Reject dogmatism
Aware of multiple social aspects
Increase sensitivity to human rights & differing
beliefs
Foster empathy & tolerance

3. Ethical Attitude + Behaviour

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 Conclusion
Bioethics: the study of ethical issues and decision making
associated with the use of living organisms
Bioethics is not about thinking that we can always find one
correct solution to ethical problems. There can be different
choices made after ethical reflection.
Bioethics is learning how to balance different benefits, risks
and duties

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 Should we stop?
Why should we stop??

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