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Start of Yellow
Start of Green
End of Yellow
intersection
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 TIME
Prof. Andres Sotil
DEGREE OF SATURATION
DETERMINATION
Per the previous graph, what determines the saturation
flow is the number of vehicles that passes the
intersection in the peak period this is determined by
the headway between vehicles
14
CAPACITY ANALYSIS
The capacity for each intersection approach (, N, S, E,
W or equivalent) can be estimated as follows:
ci = si gi / C equation 2
where:
ci = approach capacity i, veh/ln
si = prevailing saturation flow i
gi = green time for the group i
C = traffic light cycle length
1
d1 0.5C C
g
1 min( 1, X )
C
kI X
d 2 900 T ( X 1) X 1 8
2
cT
Donde:
T = duracion del periodo de analisis (hr)
k = factor de demora incremental que depende de las condiciones de control
l = factor de ajuste por filtracion de trafico en interseccion previa
c = capacidad del grupo carril (veh/hr)
X = grado de saturacion v/c
C
TDi PFi d1i d 2i
where:
TDi = total group i delay
PFi = Progression factor. Equal to one if the cars arrive at the
intersection and they can randomly get green or red. Less
than one if it is more common to get always green light,
and more than one if it is the other way around.
Prof. Andres Sotil
LEVELS OF SERVICE FOR SIGNALIZED
INTERSECTIONS PER HCM 2000
LEVEL OF SERVICE AVERAGE DELAY (s)
A < 10
B 10 20
C 20 35
D 35 55
E 55 80
F > 80.0
VARIABLES
1
g
2
d1 0.38C
C
(HCM 1994) g
1 X
C
ci = si gi / C X
d 2 173 X X 1
2
X 1 16
2
C
Xi = vi / ci TDi PFi d1i d 2i
Development of an intersection
First-come, first-served intersections
By-passed, interchanges, etc.
c) 4-Phase Operation
If the volume that turn left is high, then four phases
might be needed
This type of operation is used to reduce accidents and
improve safety, but it will lead to longer delays.
Prof. Andres Sotil
PHASING
a)
b)
c) 4-Phase Operation
To use this operation, the following needs to be
defined:
Minimum green: required for pedestrians
Maximum green: designed in such a way that the other
phases that are in red do not accumulated more
vehicles that it can handle (queues)
For this problem phase A, CPA= 16 sec. < 13 sec. and therefore it
does not comply and CPB = 10 < 31 sec.. it is OK
(55-6) 14.9
(55-6)
(60-6) 16 OK
Suma = 60 s
(60-6) 38
1. Note that the numbers in the figure do not match the previous slides (37 instead of
38 and 15 (56 41) rather than 16.
2. This is because one second of all red has been added, reducing the green light
3. If the intersection is alone or spaced with other ones by 800 to 1000 meters, the
intersection can be said does not belong to a network or system of traffic lights