New kinds of databases

1. Distributed Databases
2. Warehouse Architecture
3. Mobile databases
4. GIS
5. Multimedia Databases
6. Genome Data Management
 Distributed Databases

Distributed Database System

DBMS DBMS DBMS DBMS

data data data data

CS 245 Notes 12 3
 Parallelism: Pipelining
Example:
T1 SELECT *
FROM A WHERE cond
T2 JOIN T1 and B

select join

A B
(with index)

CS 245 Notes 12 4
Parallelism: Concurrent Operations
Example: SELECT * FROM A WHERE cond
data location is
merge important...

select select select

A where A where A where

A.x < 10 10 A.x < 20 20 A.x

CS 245 Notes 12 5
 ATM
Two Phase Commit

Bank
ATM Mainframe

CS 245 Notes 12 6
 What is a Warehouse?
Collection of diverse data
subject oriented
aimed at executive, decision maker
often a copy of operational data
with value-added data (e.g., summaries, history)
integrated
time-varying
non-volatile

more
CS 245 Notes11
7
 What is a Warehouse?
Collection of tools
gathering data
cleansing, integrating, ...
querying, reporting, analysis
data mining
monitoring, administering warehouse

CS 245 Notes11
8
 Warehouse Architecture
Client Client

Query & Analysis

Metadata Warehouse

Integration

Source Source Source

CS 245 Notes11
9
 Motivating Examples
Forecasting
Comparing performance of units
Monitoring, detecting fraud
Visualization

CS 245 Notes11
10
 Mobile Databases

Recent advances in portable and wireless technology led to mobile

computing, a new dimension in data communication and
processing.

Portable computing devices coupled with wireless communications

allow clients to access data from virtually anywhere and at any
time.
 2 Multimedia Databases

In the years ahead multimedia information systems are expected to

dominate our daily lives. Our houses will be wired for
bandwidth to handle interactive multimedia applications. Our
high-definition TV/computer workstations will have access to a
large number of databases, including digital libraries, image
and video databases that will distribute vast amounts of
multisource multimedia content.
2.1 Multimedia Databases

DBMSs have been constantly adding to the types of data they

support. Today the following types of multimedia data are
available in current systems.
Text: May be formatted or unformatted. For ease of parsing
structured documents, standards like SGML and variations
such as HTML are being used.
Graphics: Examples include drawings and illustrations that are
encoded using some descriptive standards (e.g. CGM, PICT,
postscript).
2.1 Multimedia Databases(2)

Images: Includes drawings, photographs, and so forth,

encoded in standard formats such as bitmap, JPEG, and
MPEG. Compression is built into JPEG and MPEG. These
images are not subdivided into components. Hence querying
them by content (e.g., find all images containing circles) is
nontrivial.
Animations: Temporal sequences of image or graphic data.
2.1 Multimedia Databases(3)

Video: A set of temporally sequenced photographic data for

presentation at specified rates for example, 30 frames per
second.
Structured audio: A sequence of audio components comprising
note, tone, duration, and so forth.
Audio: Sample data generated from aural recordings in a string
of bits in digitized form. Analog recordings are typically
converted into digital form before storage.
2.1 Multimedia Databases(4)

Composite or mixed multimedia data: A combination of

multimedia data types such as audio and video which may be
physically mixed to yield a new storage format or logically
mixed while retaining original types and formats. Composite
data also contains additional control information describing
how the information should be rendered.
2.1 Multimedia Databases(5)

Nature of Multimedia Applications: Multimedia data may be stored,

delivered, and utilized in many different ways. Applications
may be categorized based on their data management
characteristics as follows:
Repository applications: A large amount of multimedia data as
well as metadata is stored for retrieval purposes. Examples
include repositories of satellite images, engineering drawings
and designs, space photographs, and radiology scanned
pictures.
2.1 Multimedia Databases(6)

Presentation applications: A large amount of applications

involve delivery of multimedia data subject to temporal
constraints; simple multimedia viewing of video data, for
example, requires a system to simulate VCR-like functionality.
Complex and interactive multimedia presentations involve
orchestration directions to control the retrieval order of
components in a series or in parallel. Interactive environments
must support capabilities such as real-time editing analysis or
annotating of video and audio data.
2.3 Multimedia Database Applications

Large-scale applications of multimedia databases can be expected

encompasses a large number of disciplines and enhance
existing capabilities.
Documents and records management
Knowledge dissemination
Education and training
Marketing, advertising, retailing, entertainment, and travel
Real-time control and monitoring
3 Geographic Information Systems

Geographic information systems(GIS) are used to collect, model,

and analyze information describing physical properties of the
geographical world. The scope of GIS broadly encompasses
two types of data:
1. spatial data, originating from maps, digital images,
administrative and political boundaries, roads, transportation
networks, physical data, such as rivers, soil characteristics,
climatic regions, land elevations, and
3 Geographic Information Systems(2)

2. nonspatial data, such as socio-economic data (like census

counts), economic data, and sales or marketing information.
GIS is a rapidly developing domain that offers highly innovative
approaches to meet some challenging technical demands.
3.1 GIS Applications

It is possible to divide GISs into three categories:

cartographic applications,
digital terrain modeling applications, and
geographic objects applications
 3.1 GIS Applications(2)

GIS Applications

Digital Terrain Geographic Objects

Cartographic Applications
Modeling
Irrigation Applications Car
Earth navigation
Crop yield science systems
Geographic
analysis Civil engineering market analysis
Land and military
Evaluation evaluation Utility
Soil Surveys distribution
Planning and
Facilities Air and water and
management pollution studies Consumer product
consumption
Landscape and services
Flood Control economic analysis
studies
Traffic pattern Water resource
analysis management
4.1 Genome Data Management

Biological Sciences and Genetics: The biological sciences

encompass an enormous variety of information. Environmental
science gives us a view of how species live and interact in a
world filled with natural phenomena. Biology and ecology study
particular species. Anatomy focuses on the overall structure of
an organism, documenting the physical aspects of individual
bodies. Traditional medicine and physiology break the
organism into systems and tissues and strive to collect
information on the workings of these systems and the
organism as a whole.
4.1 Genome Data Management(2)

Histology and cell biology delve into the tissue and cellular levels
and provide knowledge about the inner structure and function
of the cell. This wealth of information that has been generated,
classified, and stored for centuries has only recently become a
major application of database technology.
4.1 Genome Data Management(3)

Genetics has emerged as an ideal field for the application of

information technology. In a broad sense, it can be taught of as
the construction of models based on information about genes
which can be defined as units of heredity and population and
the seeking out of relationships in that information.
4.1 Genome Data Management(4)

The study of genetics can be divided into three branches:

1. Mendelian genetics is the study of the transmission of traits
between generations.
2. Molecular genetics is the study of the chemical structure and
function of genes at the molecular level.
3. Population genetics is the study of how genetic information
varies across populations of organisms.
4.1 Genome Data Management(5)

The origins of molecular genetics can be traced to two important

discoveries:
1. In 1869 when Friedrich Miescher discovered nuclein and its
primary component, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In
subsequent research DNA and a related compound,
ribonucleic acid , were found to be composed of nucleotides (a
sugar, a phosphate, and a base which combined to form
nucleic acid) linked into long polymers via the sugar and
phosphate.
4.1 Genome Data Management(6)

2. The second discovery was the demonstration in 1944 by

Oswald Avery that DNA was indeed the molecular substance
carrying genetic information.
4.1 Genome Data Management(7)

Genes were shown to be composed of chains of nucleic acids

arranged linearly on chromosomes and to serve three primary
functions:
1. replicating genetic information between generations,
2. providing blueprints for the creation of polypeptides, and
3. accumulating changes thereby allowing evolution to occur.
Watson and Crick found the double-helix structure of the DNA in
1953, which gave molecular biology a new direction.
 Summary

From this lecture you can learn some new

kinds of databases
 Any Questions?
If there are any outstanding questions you can ask me
one-to-one after the lecture OR privately in my office.
Exercises