Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY -
ASHMEET SINGH
1346449
SEMESTER -VIII
What Exectly the SLUM is ?
93M in 2011.
Causes that create SLUMS
Rular-Urban Migration
Urbanisation
Poor house planning
Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and
economic stagnation
Poverty
Politics
Natural Disasters
Rular-Urban Migration
Rural-urban migration is one of the causes
attributed to the formation and expansion of slums.
Many people move to urban areas primarily
because cities promise more jobs, better schools for
poor's children, and diverse income opportunities
than subsistence farming in rural area.
Urbanisation
The formation of slums is closely linked to
urbanization.
Urbanization might also force some people to live in
slums when it influences land use by transforming
agricultural land into urban areas and increases land
value.
The transformation of agricultural land also provides
surplus labor, as peasants have to seek jobs in urban
areas as rural-urban migrant workers.
Poor housing planning
Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor
planning encourages the supply side of slums.
Insufficient financial resources and lack of
coordination in government bureaucracy are two
main causes of poor housing planning.
Poor infrastructure, social exclusion
and economic stagnation
Social exclusion and poor infrastructure forces the
poor to adapt to conditions beyond his or her
control.
Poor quality, unpaved streets encourage slums
Economic stagnation in a nation with a growing
population reduces per capita disposal income in
urban and rural areas, increasing urban and rural
poverty.
Poverty
Urban poverty encourages the formation and
demand for slum. With rapid shift from rural to
urban life, poverty migrates to urban areas.
The urban poor arrives with hope, and very little of
anything else. He or she typically has no access to
shelter, basic urban services and social amenities.
Slums are often the only option for the urban poor.
Politics
Scholars claim politics also drives rural-urban
migration and subsequent settlement patterns. Pre-
existing patronage networks, sometimes in the form
of gangs and other times in the form of political
parties or social activists, inside slums seek to
maintain their economic, social and political power.
Social Conflicts
Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during
the civil war from 1975 to 1990.
Similarly, in recent years, numerous slums have
sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural
Afghans escaping Taliban violence.
Natural Disaster
Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to
migration of disaster-affected families from areas
crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas, the
creation of temporary tent city and slums, or
expansion of existing slums.
These slums tend to become permanent because
the residents do not want to leave.
Characteristics of Slums
Slums are characteristics
that vary from place to place
Slums are usually
characterized by urban
decay, high rates of poverty,
and unemployment
They are commonly seen as
"breeding grounds" for social
problems such as crime, drug
addiction, alcoholism, high
rates of mental illness, and
suicide
In many slums, especially in
poor countries, many live in
very narrow alleys that do
not allow vehicles to pass
Characteristics of Slums
Appearance A slum looks neglected with disorderly
buildings, roads and yards.
Improving governance
Decentralization
Information base (e.g. Slum GIS)
National Agenda of Governance and
'Housing for All
National Agenda of Governance (NAG) has identified 'Housing
for All', both in urban and rural sectors, as a priority area with
particular emphasis on the needs of the vulnerable groups.
Although, shelters or housing for the Economically Weaker
Sections (EWSs), Low Income Groups (LIGs), slum dwellers and
shelter less may be a common concern in both these sectors
alike, the problems of the homeless are more acutely
pronounced in the urban sector, particularly in the wake of large
scale migration and the phenomena of rural-urban transition.
Slum locations in Mumbai
TDR
Slum
Rehabilitated housing
Rehabilitated housing
Political economy in SRS
Governments
Top down/bottom up
Community participation/development
Private-public partnership
Market and speculation
Planning regulations and easement
Informal sector/housing
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