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SLUMS

SUBMITTED BY -
ASHMEET SINGH
1346449
SEMESTER -VIII
What Exectly the SLUM is ?

A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement


characterized by substandard housing and squalor.
OR
Slum is an predominently an overcrowded area where
dwelling are unfit for human habitation.
Scenario of SLUM
Slum population has increased from 75M in 2001 to

93M in 2011.
Causes that create SLUMS
Rular-Urban Migration
Urbanisation
Poor house planning
Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and
economic stagnation
Poverty
Politics
Natural Disasters
Rular-Urban Migration
Rural-urban migration is one of the causes
attributed to the formation and expansion of slums.
Many people move to urban areas primarily
because cities promise more jobs, better schools for
poor's children, and diverse income opportunities
than subsistence farming in rural area.
Urbanisation
The formation of slums is closely linked to
urbanization.
Urbanization might also force some people to live in
slums when it influences land use by transforming
agricultural land into urban areas and increases land
value.
The transformation of agricultural land also provides
surplus labor, as peasants have to seek jobs in urban
areas as rural-urban migrant workers.
Poor housing planning
Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor
planning encourages the supply side of slums.
Insufficient financial resources and lack of
coordination in government bureaucracy are two
main causes of poor housing planning.
Poor infrastructure, social exclusion
and economic stagnation
Social exclusion and poor infrastructure forces the
poor to adapt to conditions beyond his or her
control.
Poor quality, unpaved streets encourage slums
Economic stagnation in a nation with a growing
population reduces per capita disposal income in
urban and rural areas, increasing urban and rural
poverty.
Poverty
Urban poverty encourages the formation and
demand for slum. With rapid shift from rural to
urban life, poverty migrates to urban areas.
The urban poor arrives with hope, and very little of
anything else. He or she typically has no access to
shelter, basic urban services and social amenities.
Slums are often the only option for the urban poor.
Politics
Scholars claim politics also drives rural-urban
migration and subsequent settlement patterns. Pre-
existing patronage networks, sometimes in the form
of gangs and other times in the form of political
parties or social activists, inside slums seek to
maintain their economic, social and political power.
Social Conflicts
Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during
the civil war from 1975 to 1990.
Similarly, in recent years, numerous slums have
sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural
Afghans escaping Taliban violence.
Natural Disaster
Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to
migration of disaster-affected families from areas
crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas, the
creation of temporary tent city and slums, or
expansion of existing slums.
These slums tend to become permanent because
the residents do not want to leave.
Characteristics of Slums
Slums are characteristics
that vary from place to place
Slums are usually
characterized by urban
decay, high rates of poverty,
and unemployment
They are commonly seen as
"breeding grounds" for social
problems such as crime, drug
addiction, alcoholism, high
rates of mental illness, and
suicide
In many slums, especially in
poor countries, many live in
very narrow alleys that do
not allow vehicles to pass
Characteristics of Slums
Appearance A slum looks neglected with disorderly
buildings, roads and yards.

Economic Status Slum is a poverty prone area


generally poor people reside there.

Overcrowding this is a specific characteristic of slum.

Population Heterogeneous occupancy is the order of


the day. A slum may have separate area of linguistic,
cultural, economic, religious and caste groups. In other
parts of the world the diversities are mainly of race,
language and at times, colour. In spite of all this, there
is a sense of community feeling among the slum
dwellers, and some degree of social cohesion. In terms
of overcrowding and absence of facilities, comparison
with other countries is revealing.
Effect of slums
1. AMENITIES,WATER,SANITARY
Lack of basic amenities like unclean drinking water, proper
housing, drainage and excreta disposable services.
Poor sanitary conditions and poor quality water lead to
illness like diarrhoea and other water borne diseases
affecting life of slum people.
2. Working condition
The are being full of noise, traffic congestion,
smoke, darkness, fumes, it is not possible to work
peacefully in slums .
Effect of slums
3. EMPLOYMENT
High unemployment
Small scale business
Domestic violence
4. Undesirable look
The slum spoil the aesthetic look of city.
5.Their is complete absence of social and cultural life.
6.There is no open space for recreation, fresh air etc.
7. Children in slums
Many children in slums start working at a very early age
with no prospect of getting education due to poverty.
Child malnutrition is more common in slums than in non-
slum areas.
Ricks from Slums
Vulnerability to natural and unnatural hazards
Unemployment and informal economy
Violence
Disease
Child Malnutrition
Epidemics
Contaminated water (cholera , typhoid, etc)
Inadequate disposal of human wastes
Wastewater and garbage
Insects, pests (e.g. rats) and parasites in homes
Insufficient living spaces, poor ventilation and
overcrowding
Children at risk from traffic, unsafe or contaminated
sites
Indoor air pollution
House sites vulnerable to landslides or floods
Nutritional deficiencies
No or inadequate health care and advice
No emergency services
High rates of mental illness and suicide
AIDS
Slum clearance
To minimize poverty
Increase per-capital income
Consciousness about natural disaster
Planning of rehabilitation
Finance plus approach
To make several slum units
To meet their fundamental rights
Governmental efforts
To create more employment opportunities
Slum clearance methods
Slum removal
Slum relocation
Slum upgrading
Urban infrastructure development and public
housing
Slum Removal
This strategy for dealing with slums is rooted in the
fact that slums typically start illegally on someone
elses land property, and they are not recognized
by the state. As the slum started by violating
another's property rights, the residents have no
legal claim to the land.
Slum clearance removes the slum, but it does not
remove the causes that create and maintain the
slum.
Slum Relocation
Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the
slums and relocating the slum poor to free semi-rural
peripheries of cities, sometimes in free housing.
This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum
life. The strategy sees slum as merely a place where
the poor lives.
Slum Upgrading
Some governments have begun to approach slums
as a possible opportunity to urban development by
slum upgrading.
The approach seeks to upgrade the slum with basic
infrastructure such as sanitation, safe drinking water,
safe electricity distribution, paved roads, rain water
drainage system, and bus/metro stops.
The assumption behind this approach is that if slums
are given basic services and tenure security that is,
the slum will not be destroyed and slum residents will
not be evicted, then the residents will rebuild their
own housing,
Urban infrastructure development and
public housing
Urban infrastructure such as reliable high speed
mass transit system, motorways/interstates, and
public housing projects have been cited as
responsible for the disappearance of major slums.
Difficulties while pursuing slum clearance
Constraint of resources.
High cost of alternative sites near place of work.
Lengthy and time consuming procedures of the
acquisition of slum area
Low rent paying capacity of the slum dwellers.
Unwillingness o f the slum dwellers to move from the
areas selected for clearance.
Measures to be adopted for successful slum
clearance & rehousing schemes
In the surrounding areas of the metropolitan city, a chain of
growth canters, known as satellite towns, should be formed.
The slum rehabilitation scheme may be combined with some
commercial schemes so as to make it self-supporting in
finance.
The minimum carpet area including sanitary convenience
may be decided for a family.
The potentialities of the open plot scheme combined with self-
help housing on the part of the slum community should be fully
exploited.
The state government should make enough provision in the
budget every year for the construction o f minimum houses for
the slum population.
Biggest Slums In World

1. Khayeltisha, Cape Town, South Africa


2. Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
3. Dharavi, Mumbai, India
4. Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan
5. Neza-Chalco-Itza, Mexico City, Mexico
Slum Policies in India
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Three-tiered approach
Improving existing slums
Relocation/upgrading/redevelopment
Preventing future slum formation
Lifting regulatory barriers
Subsidizing mortgage for the poor

Improving governance
Decentralization
Information base (e.g. Slum GIS)
National Agenda of Governance and
'Housing for All
National Agenda of Governance (NAG) has identified 'Housing
for All', both in urban and rural sectors, as a priority area with
particular emphasis on the needs of the vulnerable groups.
Although, shelters or housing for the Economically Weaker
Sections (EWSs), Low Income Groups (LIGs), slum dwellers and
shelter less may be a common concern in both these sectors
alike, the problems of the homeless are more acutely
pronounced in the urban sector, particularly in the wake of large
scale migration and the phenomena of rural-urban transition.
Slum locations in Mumbai

Source: Mumbai City Development Plan 2005-2025


Slum Rehabilitation Scheme in Mumbai

Taken by Shohei Nakamura


How Slum Rehabilitation Scheme works?
1. Get agreement from at least 70% of slum dwellers
2. Shift slum dwellers into transit accommodation and demolish the slum
3. Build new tenements for slum dwellers
4. Build (and sell) sale components as many as the FSI of the land allows
5. Sell the rest of incentive FSI or use it in other project sites to the north of
this site = Transfer of Development Rights

TDR

Market Sale Components


FSI Limit
( FSI=3.0 in
Other Rehabilitated slum areas)
projects Components

Slum
Rehabilitated housing
Rehabilitated housing
Political economy in SRS
Governments

[1] Promise free [2] Provide political


housing support (vote) and
work force
[3] Provide [4] Redevelop slums
developable floor and provide
space through financial support
SRS/TDR (bribe)
[5] Surrender squatted
lands and appoint
developers
Slum Private Developers
Dwellers [6] Provide free
housing
Source: Nakamura (2010)
Downsides/limitations of SRS

Not led by communities


Forced many to moved/sold out
Susceptible to volatile market
Built on obsolete regulations
Exacerbated congestion
SUMMARY

Top down/bottom up
Community participation/development
Private-public partnership
Market and speculation
Planning regulations and easement
Informal sector/housing
Thank U!

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