Principle of Neurobioimaging

Peni K Samsuria Mutalib

Medical Physics Department
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
 Goal
Describe the principle of X-Ray, T-Ray,
CT-scan, NMR (MRI), PET, STED
(Principle of USG)
 18961901
In 1901 Wilhelm Konrad
Roentgen: the first
recipient of the Nobel Prize
for Physics

1896 his wifes hand, he

worldsfamouspho
made the first X-ray photo, tos.com
and thus, made it possible
to look inside the human
T-Ray
body without surgical
intervention.
X-ray vs. T-ray!!
droidmill.com
2
0 2014
1
4

S
T
E
D
 There are 2 kind of Image
Anatomical (Gross)
Tumor: Ventriculography,pneumoencephalography
Injury
Angiography
Functional
Alzheimer STED 2014 Noble Prize
Cognitive psychology: Thought identification, Mind
reading (higher metabolism area & light up on
scan
 Brain CT with and without contrast
Source: X-Ray

Without Contrast: direct

With Contrast:
Only one CT contrast study
should be scheduled within a
48 hour period.
BUN & Creatinine must be
done within 72 hours of the
scan.
Nothing to eat, but clear liquid
after midnight before the scan.
cedars-sinai.edu
CT scanning of the head is typically used
to detect:

Bone abnormalities Normal

Brain mass/tumor CT

Fluid collection, such as

an abcess
Hemorrhage
Hydrocephalus
Ischemic process, such
as a stroke
Trauma or fracture of the http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/brain-nervous-system-mental-
conditions/hydrocephalus/

skull Look at the ventricles!

 Brain CT!!
Blood vessels: brightly w contrast

The bones are whiter than

the surrounding area.
(Whiter means higher
attenuation.)
Blood vessels also brightly
due to the injection of an
iodine-based contrast
Displaced Ventricles in
agent. Brain CT
 Mod from Brenner NEJM rev 2007
Typical scan doses
Examination Typical effective dose (milli rem)
(mSv)
Chest X-ray 0.1 10
Head CT 1.5 150
Screening mammography 3 300
Abdomen CT 5.3 530
Chest CT 5.8 580
Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis CT 9.9 990
CT colonography 3.6 - 8.8 360 - 880
(virtual colonoscopy)
Cardiac CT angiogram 6.7-13 670 - 1300
Barium enema 15 1500
Neonatal abdominal CT 20 2000

For comparison, survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were
exposed to an average of 40 mSv of radiation. This dose is comparable to 2-3 extensive
CT scans, and can increase the risk of cancer.
 Brain tumor MRI
With contrast
 fMRI of the Brain

1. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging uses radio waves

and a strong magnetic field = NMR Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is
used to measure metabolic changes in an active part
of the brain (speech, sensation, memory, thought) etc.
3. Injuries and disease, such as stroke or brain tumor,
cause functions to shift to other parts of the brain.

This 3 principles is used for planning surgery, radiation

therapy, treatment for cerebral vascular or other
interventions.
 FMRI vs. fMRI?
The term "Functional MRI" (with a "capital F") can also include
other MRI techniques that are sensitive to physiologic changes
(such as changes in water motion)- EEG-PET.
FMRI identifying, investigating, and monitoring brain tumors,
cerebral vascular, and certain chronic disorders (multiple
sclerosis, dementia or seizures.
FMRI

EEG MRI PET

And "little f" fMRI usually refers to mapping of brain activity using
MRI.
fMRI studies are often used in planning brain surgery, since they
can help physicians monitor normal brain function as well as
any disturbed brain function (cerebral vascular, trauma, or
degenerative disease (such as Alzheimer's) on brain function.
 FMRI: MRI & PET Brain

MRI, PET and CT scans of the brains of people affected by (clockwise from
top left): Alcoholism, marijuana use, multiple sclerosis, cocaine use,
Parkinson's disease, Alzehemier's disease.
 11C contrast MRI & PET

The meaning of:

Typical MRI and PET brain images of [11C]NNC112 (a)
and [11C]FLB457 in the conscious MR images were
(1.5 T). PET images were generated by summation of
image data from 37 to 64 min after injection
FDG 18F Fluorodeoxyglucose (Fludeoxyglucose) make
by cyclotron
18F-FDG or FDG
What is Radio frequency, X-Ray
and Gamma-ray?
Geometrical Optics
Physical Optics
Quantum Optics
 Electromagnetic wave spectrum:
Radio waves!

(From Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope

Project, http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/.)
 Optics

Geometrical optics
Deals with those optical phenomena that
are mostly easily described with straight
lines and plane geometry.
Deals with macroscopic light
Physical optics
Dealing with the wave nature of light,
Deals with electromagnetic wave
Quantum optics
Dealing with quantum aspects of light,
Deals with particle (light as photon)
 The experiments of all of the various
known properties of light may be
grouped together and classified under
one of the three following heads:
Geometrical Physical Optics Quantum Optics
Optics
Rectilinear Diffraction Photo-electric
propagation effect
Finite velocity Interference Compton effect

Reflection Polarization Atomic excitation

Refraction Double Refraction Pair production

X-ray and CT Scan: Absorption,
Transmision Black-grey-white
1895: Roentgen
1900s: Tomography (Y: tomos=slice)
1970: CTScan (Computerized Tomography) X-ray or
CAT, PET 1975, MRI 1984
Nowadays imaging: CTScan, USG, MRI, PET, fMRI

Babys brain USG Acranial & anencephaliy USG Brain

 Basic principle of Tomography
Collimated-X-raysbody
through the detector which
measure the transmited
intensity.
Severals points was measured,
while source and detector were
move together pass through the
body.
This instrument is turned little X-ray
surrounded the bodys axis source Rangkaian
and once again scanned; many detectors
times with interval (may be) 1o
for 180o.
 CT Scan: source X-Ray
Transmitted Intensity light from many points at
any scan, and any angle, were sent to
computer which reconstruct the slice image.
Slice which will be imaging is cut to many small
figure (pixel)
Any pixel represent the intensity of the
transmitted light and give a nuance of graded
grey and e.g. image from elemen 100 x 100 for
total 10 4 pixel ( 100 detector from 100 different
angles.
 Several mathematic
reconstruction technique

Iteration tech.
Fourier transformation tech.
Reverse projection tech. more directly
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
= Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) of the Head

Uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave

energy for source. In many cases an MRI provides
information that cannot be obtained from an X-ray,
ultrasound, or CT scan.
The MRI can also detect tissue damage or disease,
such as infection, inflammation, or a tumor.
 NMR/MRI for Medical Area
(2003)
MRS: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for 1)
determine the structure of unknown chemical stuff
and 2) to study the binding characteristic of a known
compound
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging to make a
image af slices organ
NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a basic of
MRS dan MRI
 MRI/NMR merupakan emmision
(pemancaran/pencurahan) imaging

MRI
Patient in strength magnetic field (> 1.5 T) were
given energy pulse short frequency of radio
wave radio signal images which recorded
from 3:
1) density of proton (H nucleus),
2) relaxation constant,
3) blood flow pattern (oxy vs. deoxy Hb)
 Prepare the procedure!
MRI Use strong magnetic field
heart pacemaker
artificial heart valve
catheter
IUD
any metal plates, pins, screws or surgical staples
Tattoos
Eyeliner
Tooth fillings
Braces
hairpins, jewelry, eyeglasses,
hearing aids
 Oxy vs. deoxy Hb
The principle of fMRI imaging is to take a series of images of
the brain in quick succession and to statistically analyze the
images for differences among them.
Oxy hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin are magnetically
different is exploited. Oxy Hemoglobin shows up better on MRI
images than deoxyhemoglobin; thus, oxygenated blood shows
up better. Brain areas with more blood flow have been shown to
have better visibility on MRI images (Cohen & Bookheimer, 1994)
correlated with brain activation
Other fMRI methods exploit the fact that the bulk movement of
hydrogen nuclei causes changes in the MRI image CSF flow,
blood flow, or diffusion of water through tissue.
Resonance proton: Flip & Relaxation
[Absorption & Emmission]

When the frequency of the pulsed radio beam

matches the frequency of the hydrogen atom, which
induces the protons to flip, this is called the
Resonance Frequency
Resonance in NMR is caused by the absorption of EM radiation in the
radio frequency, by protons in magnetic field (Ho) which then flip.
Flip only happen when the radio wave frequency is suitable. With
strength Ho, the frequency must be more higher (E>)
Flipped proton is also called resonanced proton
When unflipped, there are E that emmited (signal for detector)
computerized curve
 Radio wave absorbed by
nuclear atom (proton/H+)
1945: Proton through nuclear spin absorb radio
wave from suitable radio frequency while places in
a strength magnetic field.
The resonance frequency from nuclear atom is
depends not only on: 1) magnetic power and 2)
atomic type, but also on 3) chemical atom of the
environment.
Nuclear spins from various nucleus could be
interfere each other, produce fine structures that is
sejumlah puncak dalam spektrum NMR
Main part of NMR spectrometer NMR

sample
U S
Radio frequence Generator
Radio frequence Detector
 Jodoh tiap signal NMR dengan
proton dalam makromolekul
= sequential assignment

1985 Wthrich: Jarak antara sejumlah besar inti hidrogen dan memakai
informasi ini dengan metode matematik bedasarkan geometri jarak untuk
menghitung struktur 3D untuk molekul. Saat ini 15-20% dari ribuan
struktur protein telah ditentukan dg NMR. Yg lain dg kristalografi sinar-
X, beberapa dg difraksi elektron atau difraksi neutron
 PET (Positron Emission
Tomography)
Radioactive
Cyclotron to make Positron emitter
Gamma detector
Positron a pair of gamma rays
Positrons emitted by the nuclide annihilate with
atomic electrons and emit a pair of gamma rays
moving in opposite directions.
the head is surrounded by gamma detectors, the
delay between a gamma ray arriving on one side
and its partner arriving opposite is used to
calculate the position of the decay.
In this way a map of decays taking place in the
brain can be built up. If the subject is given
different stimuli-music or speech for example-the
pattern of blood flow in the brain changes
http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-21818506/pet-scans-show-brains-response-to-musical
 PET with musical stimulation

PET scans showing the varying rates of activity

in different parts of the brains of three people
listening too music indicates the greatest activity.
The technique shows how untrained listeners
react to music more with the right, intuitive
hemisphere of the brain, white trained musicians
rely on the left, logical side of the brain.
Anterior Speech Area on PET
combined with MRI by Denise Klein
& Brenda Milner
http://neurostudyclub.mcgill.ca/feb2004/feb2004_p6.htm
 Music listener vs. maestro
PET scans showing the varying rates of
activity in different parts of the brains of
three peoples listening to musics. Red
indicates the greatest activity. The
technique shows how untrained listeners
react to music more with the right, intuitive
hemisphere of the brain, while trained
musicians rely on the left, logical side of
the brain.
 The PET scanner
PET is a technique that is revolutionizing
research into the activity of the brain. A patient
inhales CO containing some carbon-11 isotopes.
CO is very good at attaching itself to
haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells.
When areas of the brain are active the blood
flow to them increases, so the concentration of
carbon-11 in that part of the brain increases.
The 11C isotope of carbon is artificial and decays
by + (positron) emission.
 Detector-scintillation counter-
photomultiplier tubes
Within about 1 mm of its emission point a
positron will annihilate with an electron to
produce two gamma-ray photons. As the
positrons are not moving that quickly when they
annihilate with an electron, the two photons
emerge virtually back-to back, which concerves
momentum.
The patient is surrounded by a ring of
scintillation counters which detect the emerging
gamma-ray photons (scintillation counters are
photomultiplier tubes, each with its own sodium
iodide crystals)
 Record the activity, but..
PET scan activity in the speech centre of
the brain
One disadvantage of the technique is that
it cannot record the activity of parts of the
brain that are constantly active only
changes in blood flow can be detected.
 USG (ultrasonography)
Not an electromagnetic wave
A mechanical wave
Reflection not transmission and emission
 USG: Lower freq for deeper
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18MHz
Superficial structure
Deeper structure

Lower resolution Higher resolution

HIFU: 0,25-2 MHz

ESWL: 1-3 Hz
5-12 MHz procoagulant
 USG for diagnosis is a
reflection imaging

Non-electromagnetic wave imaging

Ultrasonic wave is reflected to body
interface with difference acoustic
impedance medium density and for x
velocity use
 Sound
Gelombang EM dengan frekuensi < frek cah
(f cah 4-7.5 x 10 14 Hz) = 4-7,5 x 10 7 m (c=.f)
Jangkauan pendengaran manusia F audio 20-20.000
Hz (satuan frek- 1Hz=1 siklus/det) (infrasonik< 20 Hz,
ultrasonik > 20.000 Hz) Ultrasonik =/= supersonik (
v>vbunyi)
Jangkauan pendenganran orang tua < 10.000 Hz
Anjing: 50.000 Hz +, kelelawar 100.000 Hz +.
AM (Amplitudo Modulasi): 530-1600 kHz,
FM (Freq Modulasi) 88MHz & 108 MHz),
TV Amerika : 54& 88 MHz untuk kanal 2-6,
174 & 216 MHz untuk kanal 7-13,
 Untuk membahas gerak
getaran perlu definisi
Simpangan: jarak x massa dari titik seimbang
pada setiap saat
Amplitudo (A): simpangan maksimum
Siklus: gerak bolak balik yang lengkap dari titik
awal kemudian kembali ke titik yang sama
Periode (T): waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk 1
siklus lengkap (T tak tergantung A)
Frekuensi: jumlah siklus per detik
f=1/T T=1/f Bila f= 5 siklus per detik;
A T=1/5 detik

f f
Ultrasound (frek > 20 kHz): tak bisa
didengar & difraksi kecil (tak
menyebar) shg bd > kecil dpt
dideteksi

Pantulan bunyi digunakan dalam banyak aplikasi untuk menentukan

jarak Sonar atau teknik pulsa-gema digunakan untuk mencari
(refleksi) atau memecah benda di bawah air (batu ginjal-interferensi).
Analisa gel yg terpantul dari berbagai struktur dan batas
lapisan di dalam Bumi menghasilkan pola karakteristik yg berguna
utk eksplorasi minyak dan mineral.
 Dinding perut Tulang belakang

Transduser Pulsa

Gema Gema

Scan-A:
Waktu
sebanding jarak
rambatan
Waktu
Scan-B:
Kecerahan=ke
kuatan sinyal
 USG menggantikan operasi
pencarian dan prosedur lain yg
Beresiko Efek lain hingga saat
Menyakitkan ini (sinar-x, laser,
Mahal gelombang mikro
berefek samping)

Difraksi (penyebaran) berkas sinar membatasi ketajaman citra

Cara bunyi terpantul =/= sinar x (digunakan dg prinsip abs, transmisi)

CT Scan
 Doppler Effects
Dg menggunakan pergeseran
Doppler dari USG, digunakan
utk mengukur velocity dlm tbh
man, seperti aliran darah dan
detak jantung janin

MCA : Middle Cerebral Artery

in Transcranial Doppler
ARRS, 2004
 intensity

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
380
403
426
449
472
495
518
541
564
587
610

wavelength
633
656
679
702
725
748
771
794
STED Microscopy
Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett,
Pfund Series: Excitation-Emission
Nanocrystal Semiconductor

Invitrogen.com
Resonance pos & neg
http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130423/srep01707/fig_tab/srep01707_F1.html