Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BUILDINGS
SUBMITTED BY:
MANPREET KAUR SETHI
MANDEEP SINGH
MRIDUL GOYAL
B. Arch 8th sem
INTRODUCTION
From the ancient efforts to reach heaven with the tower of Babel to the worlds tallest
building Burj Khalifa, has been to overcome the limitations of nature with human ingenuity.
Today, it is virtually impossible to imagine a major city without tall buildings. Tall buildings
are the most famous landmarks of cities, symbols of power, dominance of human ingenuity
over natural world, confidence in technology and a mark of national pride; and besides
these, the importance of tall buildings in the contemporary urban development in without
doubt ever increasing despite their several undeniable negative efforts on the quality of
urban life.
The feasibility and desirability of tall buildings have always depended on the available
material, the level of construction technology, and the state of development of the services
necessary for the use of the building. Therefore, advances in structural design concepts,
analytical techniques, and a more sophisticated construction city, in conjunction with the
high-strength line weight at a low cost premium compared to conventional construction.
Hence, every advance in height comes with a new difficulty and hence the race towards new
heights has not been without its challenges as well. Understandably, the increased flexibility
makes contemporary tall buildings much more vulnerable to environmental excitation such
as wind, which leads to horizontal vibration.
PLANNING AND DESIGNING
BASIC PLANNING CONSIDERATION
Basic planning considerations for high rise building design include the following parameters:
Planning module
Span
Ceiling height
Floor-to-Floor height
Depth of structural floor system
Elevator system
Core planning
Parking
PLANING MODULE, namely the space one needs for living, changes according to the
culture and the economic class.
SPAN, described as the distance from a fixed interior element such as building core to
exterior window wall, is another important criteria for good interior planning. Its depth: changes
depending on the function of the space, and acceptable span is
determined by office layouts, hotel room standards, and residential code
requirements for outside light and air.
CEILING HEIGHT is also an important factor in building planning.
Commercial functions require a variety of ceiling heights ranging between 2.7m and 3.7m.
While office functions necessitate ceiling heights of approximately 2.5 to 3.0m, residential
and hotel function require ceiling heights of 2.5 to 3.0 m.
OCCUPANT EVACUATION
Occupant evacuation is the concern of
any building; however, it poses a special
challenge given the height of the high
rise buildings. With the tremendous
climb, occupants will need information
on the situation, mechanical assistance
to speed the process, and stairwells and
safe zones in the event of mechanical
failures.
SPRINKLERS
An automatic sprinkler system is the most effective protective measure for fighting and
controlling a fire in a high-rise building. Care must be taken to ensure that the complete
building is protected by such sprinklers. In the cam outlined above, there were either no
sprinklers at all or no activated sprinklers on the burning floors.
BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI
The worlds tallest building Burj Khalifa,
which was under construction for six
years, was inaugurated on 4th Jan 2010.
The construction of this 828 m tall,
reinforced concrete tower structure,
broke several records during its
construction.
The Burj Khalifa project located near
down-town Dubai, United Arab Emirates,
consists
of the following:
. 160+ storey tower
. Adjacent podium structure
. Separate six storey office annex
. Two-storey pool annex
FACTS AND FIGURES
The tower has 280,000 m2 of area which will be utilized predominantly for 700 Residential
apartments in floors 45 through 108, and corporate offices, in the remaining Space up to the 160th
floor. In addition the Giorgio Armani hotel is also situated in this Tower (will occupy the first 37
floors).
The total project cost is estimated to be around US$20 billion, out of which the tower itself will cost
$ 4.2 billion.
The height and the number of stories were kept as a secret till the opening of the tower.
Height: 828 m; Number of floors: 163
No. of elevators: 57
Area of Tower: 280,000 sq.m residential and office space and a Giorgio Armani hotel
Total area: Tower+ Podium: 465,000 sq.m area
Concrete used : 250,000 cu.m (weight of 110,000 elephants)
Steel rebars: 39,000 tonnes (laid end to end this would extend over a quarter of the way around the
world)
Curtain walls: 83,600 sq.m of glass and 27,900 sq.m of metal (equivalent of 17 soccer fields)
The total weight of aluminium used on Burj Khalifa is equivalent to that of five
A380 aircraft and the total length of stainless steel bull nose fins is 293 times the height of Eiffel
Tower in Paris.
Taken 22 million man-hours to construct.
CONCEPT
The architects incorporated islamic
traditional patterns and modern
sophistication to design a structure that
will stand the test of time.
The hymenocallis desert flower was the
main source of inspiration for the
architects. The design not only reduces
wind forces on the building, but also
allows each tenant to have an incredible
view of the surrounding.
From the top of the structure, the
islamic design influences can clearly be
seen; including the use of arches and
other architectural structures.
1. The architecture features a triple-lobed footprint, an abstraction of the hymenocallis
flower.
3. The modular Y shaped structure, with setbacks along each of its three wings provides
an inherently stable configuration for the structure and provides good floor plates for
residential
On site photograph
of the foundation
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
The .Y. shaped floor plan provides high-performance and maximizes views of the
Persian Gulf. This shape along with the upward spiraling pattern of setbacks in the
wings, helped to reduce the wind forces on the tower (the shape was determined
based on extensive wind tunnel tests). The structural system can be described as a
buttressed core., and consists of high performance concrete (HPC) wall
construction. Each of the wings buttresses the others via a hexagonal central core.
This central core provides the torsional resistance for the structure similar to a
closed pipe or axle.
The corridor walls extend from the central core up to the end of wing, where they have
thickened with hammer head walls. These walls behave like the web and flanges of a beam
to resist the wind shears and moments. There are also a few perimeter columns supporting
flat plates at the ends (see Fig.2). The perimeter columns are connected at mechanical floors,
through outrigger walls, thus allowing the perimeter columns also to resist lateral wind
loads. The three storey height outriggers tie the tower at different heights periodically. The
tower does not contain any structural transfers.
The Burj Khalifa tower is crowned with a 4,000 tonnes structural steel telescopic spire, which
houses communications equipment. The spire was constructed from inside the building and
jacked to its full height of over 200 metres using a hydraulic pump.
PLANNING
EXTERIOR CLADDING
The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa is made
of reflective aluminum and textured stainless
steel spandrel panels with numerous small
tubular fins. This design is supposed to resist
the strong desert heat and solar rays better.
28,261 glass panels, each individually hand-
cut, were used in the exterior cladding. It is
estimated that the exterior temperature at
the top of the building will be 6 C cooler
than at its base.
The tower is provided with 18 permanently
installed track and fixed telescopic, cradle
equipped, building maintenance units. These
track mounted units, which are hidden when
not in use, will be used for both window
washing and exterior faade maintenance.
SERVICES
Seven double storey mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj
Khalifa life.
Distributed around every 30 storeys, house the electrical sub-stations, water tanks
and pumps, air-handling units etc, that are essential for the operation of the tower.
MECHANICAL | ELECTRICAL | PLUMBING
The towers water system is designed to supply about of 946,000 litres of water
daily.
At peak cooling, it will require about 10,000 tons of cooling, equal to the cooling
capacity provided by about 10,000 tons of melting ice.
The buildings cooling requirements, coupled with the hot and humid climate of
Dubai, will result in a significant amount of condensation. This condensed water is
collected and drained in a separate piping system to a holding tank in the
basement car park.
The condensate collection system provides about 15 million gallons of supplement
water per year, equal to about 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools.
The towers peak electrical demand is 36mW, equal to about 360,000 numbers of
100 Watt bulbs operating simultaneously.
ELEVATORS AND LIFTS
The building is expected to hold up to 35,000 people at
any one time, so transportation as well as evacuation of
the building is an important consideration.
Otis Elevators has installed 57 elevators, and 8 escalators.
The observation deck elevators and can carry 42 people at
a time and travel at 10 to 18 m/sec.
Fire safety and speed of evacuation were given great
importance during the design phase of Burj Khalifa.
Concrete surrounds all stairwells.
The building has service/firemans elevator with a capacity
of 5,500 kg and will be the worlds tallest service elevator.
Some elevators are programmed to allow controlled
evacuation during fire or emergency situations.
Since it is not possible for people to walk down 160 floors
in case of emergency or fire, pressurized, air-conditioned
refuge areas are provided every 25 floors.
Sky Lobbies are situated at floors 43, 76 and 123 and
includes lounge area, kiosks and other amenities.
THANKS FOLKS!
DANCING TOWERS, DUBAI
Signature Towers (formerly known
as Dancing Towers) was a proposal
for a three-tower, mixed-use complex
in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was
designed by Iraqi born architect Zaha
Hadid.
The project was first unveiled to the
public in June 2006 at a Zaha
Hadid exhibition.
Total Area: 650000 sqm.
350000 sqm. above ground
300000 sqm. Below ground
Storeys: 75, 65, 51
Maximum height: 375 m
Zaha Hadids design for the Signature Towers confirms the role of Business Bay
Development at the very forefront of Dubais rapidly changing
future.
The fluid character of the towers is generated through an intrinsically dynamic
composition of volumes. The towers are inter-twined to share programmatic
elements
1 2 3
4 5
ZONING
Programming of public and private life is an active
tool to inject life into the space, integrating new
layers of activity and landscape, creating a network of
synergetic uses that can develop a new urban
ecology.
The programme was addressed as a whole with the
three towers corresponding directly to the three main
functions: offices, hotel and residential.
SECTION
The towers share a common base / SECTION
podium, designed as a materialized
shadow of the towers and programmed
with retail, restaurants and amenities
that support the demand from the
towers population. The three towers are
conjoined two by two, the Offices and
the Hotel at the base and the Hotel and
the Residential at the top.
SECTION