GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR

MOBILE
HISTORY
The Europeans realized this early on,
and in 1982 the Conference of
European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT)
formed a study group called the Groupe
Spécial Mobile (GSM) to study and
develop a pan-European public land
mobile system. The proposed system
had to meet certain criteria:
 PURPOSES
 Good subjective speech quality
 Low terminal and service cost
 Support for international roaming
 Ability to support handheld terminals
 Support for range of new services and
facilities
 Spectral efficiency
 ISDN compatibility
ARCHITECTURE
GSM network consists of the following
components:
    
Mobile station. The GSM mobile station (or
mobile phone) communicates with other parts of
the system through the base-station system.

SIM:Subscriber Identification Module. A SIM card

contains its unique serial number, international
unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security
authentication and ciphering information,
temporary information related to the local network
(also temporary local id that has been issued to
the user), a list of the services the user has
access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use
and PUK for unlocking).
    
GSM Base station system (BSS).
    
Base transceiver station (BTS). The base
transceiver station (BTS) handles the radio
interface to the mobile station. The base
transceiver station is the radio equipment
(transceivers and antennas)
    
Base station controller (BSC). The BSC
provides the control functions and physical
links between the MSC and BTS. It
provides functions such as handover, cell
configuration data and control of RF power
levels in base transceiver stations. A
number of BSCs are served by a MSC
GSM Switching System

 Mobile services switching center (MSC). The

MSC performs the telephony switching functions
of the system. It also performs such functions as
network interfacing, common channel signalling,
and others.

 Home location register (HLR). The HLR

database is used for storage and management
of subscriptions. The home location register
stores permanent data about subscribers,
including a subscriber's service profile, location
information, and activity status.
 
    Visitor location register (VLR). The VLR
database contains temporary information
about subscribers that is needed by the
mobile services switching center (MSC) in
order to service visiting subscribers. When
a mobile station roams into a new mobile
services switching center (MSC) area, the
visitor location register (VLR) connected to
that MSC will request data about the
mobile station from the HLR, reducing the
need for interrogation of the home location
register (HLR).
  
   Authentication center (AUC). The AUC
provides authentication and encryption
parameters that verify the user's identity
and ensure the confidentiality of each call.
The authentication center (AUC) also
protects network operators from fraud.

 Equipment identity register (EIR). The EIR

database contains information on the
identity of mobile equipment to prevent
calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective
mobile stations.
 CALL IN PROGRESS-
STEPS
 1) MS initialization after switched-on
 2) Service request
 3) Authentication and security
 4) MS attach and detach
 5) Location update
 6) Outgoing voice call
 7) Incoming voice call
 8) SMS and special services
 9) Call hand over
 GSM SPECIFICATIONS-1
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz

GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink): 1805-1880
Mhz
GSM SPECIFICATIONS-2

 Carrier Separation : 200 Khz

 Duplex Separation : 45 Mhz
 No. of RF carriers : 124
 Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
 Modulation Method : GMSK
 Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
FDMA
 Frequency Division Multiple
Access or FDMA is a 
channel access method used in
multiple-access protocols as a
channelization protocol. FDMA gives
users an individual allocation of one or
several frequency bands, or channels
TDMA
 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
is a channel access method for shared
medium networks. It allows several
users to share the same
frequency channel by dividing the signal
into different time slots. The users
transmit in rapid succession, one after
the other, each using his own time slot.
EVOLUTION
 1-G
1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of 
wireless telephone technology, mobile 
telecommunications.

The 1G system in GSM all power

allocation and handoffs strategies were
decided by MSC and then executed by
BSC.
 2-G
GSM differs from its predecessors in that
both signaling and speech channels are 
digital, and thus is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system.

GSM also pioneered a low-cost (to the

network carrier) alternative to voice calls,
the short message service (SMS, also called
"text messaging").
The basic difference is that the
interfernce of MSC is reduced
as compared to 1-G the power
and handoff allocation
depends on THE BSC unless
in the case of roaming where
the MSC’s are different.
 2.5-G
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)
HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched
data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM
Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 HSCSD-High-speed circuit-switched data
is the ability to use multiple time slots at
the same time. Using the maximum of four
time slots, this can provide an increase in
maximum transfer rate of up to 57.6 kbit/s.

GPRS – General Packet Radio Service

(GPRS) is a packet oriented Mobile Data
Service available to users of Global
System for Mobile Communications
(GSM).
GPRS can be used for services such
as WAP access, SMS, MMS, and for
Internet communication services
such as email and World Wide Web
access. 2G cellular systems
combined with GPRS are often
described as "2.5G", that is, a
technology between the second (2G)
and third (3G) generations of mobile
telephony.
EDGE – Enhanced Data rates for
GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a digital
mobile phone technology that
allows increased data transmission
rates and improved data
transmission reliability. EDGE is
generally classified as 2.75G,
although it is part of the 3G
definition.
 3-
G3G is the third generation of telecommunication
hardware standards and general technology
for mobile networking.

3G networks enable network operators to offer

users a wider range of more advanced
services while achieving greater network
capacity through improved spectral efficiency.
Services include wide-area wireless voice
telephone, video calls, and broadband wireless
data, all in a mobile environment.
Additional features also include HSPA
data transmission capabilities, which
provides users with data rates up to 14.4
Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on
the uplink.

HSPA:High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

is a 3G mobile telephony communications
protocol in the HSPA family, which allows
networks based on Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) to
increase data capacity and speed up
transfer rates.
HSPA+ - HSPA+, also known as Evolved
HSPA is a wireless broadband standard
that provides HSPA data rates up to 42
Mbit/s on the downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the
uplink .

UMTS – Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System (UMTS) is
one of the third-generation (3G) cell phone
technologies, which is also being
developed into a 4G technology. It is
closely related to GSM/EDGE as it borrows
and builds upon concepts from GSM
 4-G
 4G working group has defined the
following as objectives of the 4G
wireless communication
standard:
 A spectrally efficient system .
 High network capacity: more
simultaneous users per cell.
 A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s
while the client physically moves at
high speeds relative to the station,
and 1 Gbit/s while client and station
are in relatively fixed positions as
defined by the ITU-R.
 A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s
between any two points in the world.
 Smooth handoff across
heterogeneous networks.
 Seamless connectivity and global 
roaming across multiple networks.
 High quality of service for next
generation multimedia support (real time
audio, high speed data, HDTV video
content, mobile TV, etc).
 Interoperability with existing wireless
standards.
 IP, packet switched network.
LTE – Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the
name given to a project to improve the
UMTS mobile phone standard to cope
with future technology evolutions. Goals
include improving spectral efficiency,
lowering costs, improving services,
making use of new spectrum and
reframed spectrum opportunities, and
better integration with other open
standards.
CDMA
CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (
ADC) in combination with spread spectrum
 technology. Audio input is first digitized into
binary elements. The frequency of the
transmitted signal is then made to vary
according to a defined pattern (code), so it can
be intercepted only by a receiver whose
frequency response is programmed with the
same code, so it follows exactly along with the
transmitter frequency. There are trillions of
possible frequency-sequencing codes, which
enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult.
 CDMA
CELL
GSM CELL
THANX