UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS

OF A FORCE
THE EFFECTS OF A FORCE

o Change the motions condition

o Change the motions direction
o Change the size of an object
o Change the shape of an object
BALANCED FORCE

The person will remain

stationary ( not moving),
as the effects of both
forces are cancelled out
F2 F1
The boys are pulling each other
with equal but opposite forces

the net force on each boy is zero

The forces are balanced or in equilibrium.

The boys did not move

 F1

F2
When the boys push the car, they are exerting a
forward force, F1 on the car

Frictional force, F2 between the tyres and the road

acts in the opposite direction

If F1 = F2, the car will move with a constant velocity

The forces are balanced or in equilibrium.

 F1

F2

If F1 > F2, the car will move forward with an acceleration

The forces are unbalanced

UNBALANCED FORCE

F1 F2 F2 F1

If F1 = F2, the object will stay at rest

If F1 > F2, the object will moves forward with an acceleration

Resultant force, Fnet = F1 F2

 OBJECT
A

OBJECT
B

Which object need more force? Why ?

If each object is acted upon with the same force,

which object will accelerates more ? Why ?
ANALYSING F = ma
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE, F,
MASS, m AND ACCELERATION, a
Aim : To investigate the relationship
between force, F and acceleration, a
to ac power supply
when mass, m is constant

Inelastic string
smooth pulley
h F

ticker timer
F

F = weight, mg because the Load with

load is at rest. The forces are mass m
balanced. weight,
mg
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE, F,
MASS, m AND ACCELERATION, a
Aim : To investigate the relationship
between force, F and acceleration, a
to ac power supply
when mass, m is constant

Inelastic string
smooth pulley
h F

ticker timer
F

How do you define a load

manipulated, responding and
constant variables ? weight,
mg
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE, F,
MASS, m AND ACCELERATION, a
Aim : To investigate the relationship
between mass, m and acceleration, a
to ac power supply
when force F is constant

Inelastic string
smooth pulley
h F

ticker timer
F

How do you define a load

manipulated, responding and
constant variables ? weight,
mg
UNBALANCED FORCE
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE, F, MASS, m
AND ACCELERATION, a
a
a

aF
a 1/m

1/m F

a F/m
a = c ( F/ m )
If c = constant = 1
a = F/m

F = ma
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE, F, MASS, m
AND ACCELERATION, a

F = ma
A 1 N net force applied on an object with mass 1 kg which result
the object to accelerate 1 ms-2

Unit for FORCE : Newton ( N )

1 N = 1 kgms-2

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION

The acceleration of a body, a is directly proportional to

the net force acting on it, F and inversely proportional
to its mass, m

a F/m
 ANALYSING
ANALYSING F
F == ma
ma
NET FORCE ( RESULTANT FORCE )

The overall force resulting from the combination of the

individual forces acting on the object
EXAMPLE 1

m = 10 kg

F = 20 N

smooth surface

What is bodys acceleration ?

F = ma
a = F/m
= 20 / 10
= 2 ms-2
EXAMPLE 2

m = 10 kg

F2 = 10 N
F1 = 20 N

smooth surface

What is net force ?

Fnet = F1 + F2 = 20 + 10 = 30 N

Find acceleration

Fnet = ma
a = FB / m = 30 / 10 = 3 ms-2
EXAMPLE 3

m = 10 kg

F2 = 10 N
F1 = 20 N

smooth surface The object moves forward as the net

force exerting a forward force
Find the net force.

Fnet = F1 + ( -F2 ) = 20 + (-10) = 10 N

Find acceleration. A negatve value because F2

is a backwards force
Fnet = ma
a = Fnet / m = 10 / 10 = 1 ms-2

In which direction, will the object moves ? Why ?

EXAMPLE 4
m = 10 kg

F2 = 10 N
F1 = 20 N

fg = 2 N rough surface
will produce a frictional force

Find net force

Fnet = F1 + ( -F2 ) + ( - fg ) = 20 + (-10) + ( -2 ) = 8 N

Find acceleration

Fnet = ma
a = Fnet / m = 8 / 10 = 0.8 ms-2
EXAMPLE 5

m = 10 kg

F2 = 30 N
F1 = 20 N

fg = 2 N
rough surface

Moves backwards because the direction of the net force is

backwards ( F1 + ( -F2 ) = 20 + ( -30 ) = - 10 N ) and the rough
surface will exerted a frictional force in the opposite
direction.

In which direction will the object moves ? Why ?

EXAMPLE 6

F2 = 2 N F1 = 6 N
F1
F2
No Friction force

Net Force, F = F1 + ( F2 )
=62
=4N
If the toy cars mass is 10 kg, find acceleration, a.

Net Force, F = ma
4 = ( 10 ) a
a = 4/10 = 0.4 ms-2
EXAMPLE 7

Net Force, F
= F1 + ( - B )

Weight, W = mg = 20 10
= 1 ( 10 ) = 10 N
= 10 N
F1 = 20 N

1 kg
ANALYSING
ANALYSING IMPULSE
IMPULSE AND
AND
IMPULSIVE
IMPULSIVE FORCE
FORCE
 F

IMPULSIVE FORCE, F

Force that acted on the body during collision in

a short time interval of impact ( time contact )
 IMPULSIVE FORCE, F

Impulsive force , F = ( mv mu ) / t

F = the rate of change of

momentum

t = time interval of impact

The greater time interval of impact ( time of contact ),

impulsive force acting will be smaller
When the car collides with the wall, a forward force, F1
is acted upon the wall by the car.

The wall will exerted a backwards force, F2 with the

same magnitude to the car ( a reaction force ).
The car will moves backwards after collision.

This forces are called impulsive force.

 IMPULSE

Impulsive Force , F = ( mv mu ) / t

Impulse, Ft = mv mu
= change in momentum

UNIT SI for Impulse : Ns atau kgms-1

EXAMPLE 1

A ball moves with a velocity of 5 ms-1 was hit during a volleyball

match. The ball moves in an opposite direction with a velocity of
20 ms-1. If the balls mass is 0.35 kg and time of impact is 0.1 s,

a. Find impulse.
Force applied by
Impulse, Ft = mv mu hand is positive,
so movement to
= m ( v- u ) the left is positive

= 0.35 ( 20 ( - 5 ))
= 8.75 Ns
EXAMPLE 1

A ball moves with a velocity of 5 ms-1 was hit during a volleyball

match. The ball moves in an opposite direction with a velocity of
20 ms-1. If the balls mass is 0.35 kg and time of impact is 0.1 s,

b. Find impulsive force acting to the hand.

Impulsive force, F = ( mv mu ) / t
= 8.75 / 0.1
= 87.5 N
EFFECT OF TIME INTERVAL OF IMPACT ON
IMPULSIVE FORCE
Impulsive Force , F = ( mv mu ) / t

If, F is big, t is small, and if F is small, t is big

Hence,
When time interval of impact ( time of impact ) is longer,
impulsive force acting on an object will be smaller
The injuries causes by the impulsive force will be reduce
 EFFECT OF TIME INTERVAL OF IMPACT ON IMPULSIVE FORCE

Impulsive Force , F = ( mv mu ) / t

The impulsive force, F is inversely proportional to the time of

impact, t

F 1/t

As to reduce serious injuries during collision, impulsive force, F

has to be small.
Hence, time of impact, t has to be longer.
 Before collision, a plasticine ball is round
plasiticine
in shape. After collision, the plasticine ball
which hit a wood becomes flat while the
other plasticine ball which hit a sponge
does not change its shape.

wood sponge

BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

EXPLAIN YOUR OBSERVATION.

After collision, the wood does not change its shape while the
sponges shape change
 Time of impact when a plasticine ball hit a
plasiticine
wood is shorter than when it hit a sponge.
This result a greater impulsive force on
the plasticine. The plasticine ball becomes
flat.

wood sponge
AFTER COLLISION
BEFORE COLLISION

Time of impact when a plasticine ball hit a

sponge is longer than when it hit a wood.
This result a less impulsive force on the
plasticine. The plasticine ball does not
change its shape.
What is the purpose of Why the man bend his knee
using mattress ? when hit the ground ?

mattress

Time of impact will be longer. Impulsive force will be reduced. Man will
suffered less injury.
 Do you know why an attacker in a boxing match
moves his hand very fast initially and moves his body
forward ?

What his opponent has to do as to reduce the

impulsive force ?

A boxer moves his fist

very fast so that time of
contact will be small. So ,
impulsive force acting is
high.
The boxer moves his
body forward to reduce
a reaction force due by
the impulsive force

To reduce impulsive force, his

opponent has to move his head in the
same direction as the force so that,
time of contact will increase
UNDERSTANDING
GRAVITY
 Why the object falls down ?

There is a force acting upon the object which pull the object downwards.

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

A gravitational field is a region in which an object experiences a force due to

gravitational attraction

The field gets weaker when the distance to the centre of the earth is greater
 Heavy objects have more
gravitational force than light
objects.
 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH, g

The gravitational force, F per unit mass, m

g = F/m

WEIGHTLESSNESS

A state of weightlessness occurs when objects are in free-fall

WEIGHTLESSNESS CLIP
If air resistance is removed,

all bodies will move with an

equal downwards acceleration.

objects of different masses fall

down at the same rate.

FREE-FALL

The motion of the body is

affected only by gravity
From, gravitational field strength,
g = F/m
From Newtons Law, F = ma
a = F/m
Net force acting on an object of mass in free-fall, F = mg
a = mg / m
a = g

g = acceleration due to gravity

= 9.8 ms-2
As an object falls, it picks up speed. This increase in speed leads to
an increase in the amount of air resistance. Eventually, the force of
air resistance becomes large enough to balance the force of gravity.
At this instant in time, the net force is 0 Newton the object stops
accelerating. The object is said to have "reached a terminal
velocity."
Any change in velocity terminates as a result of the balancing of the
individual forces acting upon the object. The velocity at which this
occurs is called the "terminal velocity."
 MASS AND WEIGHT

MASS WEIGHT
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

constant Change due to gravitational field

strength
Unit SI : kilogram Unit SI : Newton / kgms-2

Quantity of matter Gravitational force

 IMPULSIVE FORCE OF THE ROCKET

The rate of change of the large

momentum downwards, will
produce an impulsive force
downwards. An equal force will
occurs upwards. This force is
called THRUST.

exhaust gases have a large

momentum downwards.
exhaust gases push the rocket upwards

What actually push the

rocket upward ?
 ANALYSING F = ma
A rocket with a mass of 50 000 kg produce a thrust of 750 000 N . Find
a. rockets weight
b. net force a. Weight, W = mg
c. rockets acceleration = ( 50 000 x 9.8 )

Thrust, F = 490 000 N

b. Net force, Fnet
= Thrust, F Weight, W
= 750 000 490 000
= 260 000 N
c. Fnet = ma
a = Fnet / m
= 260 000 / 50 000
= 5.2 ms-2
Weight, W
 ANALYSING F = ma

pulley
a. What is the reading of the weighing
machine when the load is at rest ?
b. A man pulls a rope so that the load
rope moves upwards with a constant
acceleration of 2 ms-2. What is the
reading of the weighing machine now ?

Load, 10 kg
Man, 40 kg

weighing machine
( scale : Newton ( N ))
 The reading of the weighing machine
= Weight of the man tension force, T

tension force, T tension force, T

m = 10 kg

M = 40 kg mg
Fnet = T mg
= 0 ( because load is at rest )
tension force, T = mg

Mg
Tension, T The reading of the weighing machine
= Weight of the man tension force, T
= Mg T
= ( 40 (10)) - T

The reading of the weighing machine

Mg = 400 ( 100 )
= 300 N

Tension, T

Fnet = T mg
= 0 ( because load is at rest )
tension force, T = mg
= (10 ( 10 )
mg
 Briefly, we can say,

The reading of the weighing

machine
= Net force
tension force, T tension force, T
= Mg mg
= 40 (10) 10(10)
m = 10 kg = 300 N

M = 40 kg mg
Ignore tension
force.

Mg
 pulley

rope
A man pulls a rope so that the load
moves upwards with a constant
acceleration of 2 ms-2. What is the
reading of the weighing machine now ?
Load, 10 kg
Man, 40 kg

weighing machine
( scale : Newton ( N ))
 A man pulls a rope so that the load
Tension, T moves upwards with a constant
Tension, T
acceleration of 2 ms-2. What is the
reading of the weighing machine now ?

2 ms-2 Fnet = T mg = ma
2 ms-2 tension force, T = mg + ma
mg = 10(10) + 10 (2)

Mg The reading of the weighing

machine
The reading of the weighing machine = 40 ( 10 ) T
= Weight of the man tension force, T = 400 ( 100 + 20 )
= Mg T = 400 120
= ( 40 (10)) T = 280 N
 ANALYSING F = ma
When a lift is at rest;
cable
tension force, T
string Net force, F = ma = 0
Net force, F = T W = 0
Tension, T = W
Lift
When a lift is moving upwards with an
(mass
acceleration, a
ignore)
Net force, F = ma
F= T W = ma
Tension, T = ma + W
Weight, W
When a lift is moving downwards with
an acceleration, a
Net force, F = ma
F= W T = ma
Tension, T = W - ma
ANALYSING FORCES
IN EQUILIBRIUM
NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

When net force, F is zero, the forces are balanced in equilibrium

IN THE STATE OF
EQUILIBRIUM
 Normal Force, R

equal magnitude
and in the
opposite direction
with weight

Weight, W
The girl is at rest. The net force acting must be zero

The force of gravity, W = mg is acting

 ADDITION OF FORCES
The resultant force ( net force ) is obtained by drawing a
parallelogram
The magnitude
of net force
= line length
F1 = 80 N
F2 = 60 N x scale
Angle
= direction of
the net force
Draw axis with forces acting at the origin
To draw forces, use scale : 1 cm : 10 N
Draw forces from the origin
At the end of each force, draw an imaginary line as to
draw a parallelogram
Draw a line from the origin to diagonal
Find the magnitude of net force.

3N
Draw forces using scale .
600
Every forces should begins
4N from the origin.

60 0

Line length = magnitude of net force

 North

West East

South
 ADDITION OF FORCES
The resultant force ( net force ) is obtained with a resolution
of a force
Vertical Component

Vertical force Fy F

Horizontal force Fx
Draw axis-y and axis-x Horizontal component
from the centre of a body

From force, F, draw a line each perpendicular to axis-x and axis-y

 COMPONENT FORCES
Resolve forces into component forces; vertical component
and horizontal component

Vertical component

Trigonometry function Fy F
Cos = Fx / F

Horizontal force, Fx Fx
= F cos Horizontal component
 COMPONENT FORCES
Resolve forces into component forces; vertical component
and horizontal component

Vertical component

Trigonometry function Fy F
Fy
Sin = Fy / F

Vertical force, Fy Fx
= F sin Horizontal component
EXAMPLE

Lawn mower

m = 120 kg
30o

Field surface

A gardener pushes a lawn mower with a thrust force of 300 N on the

horizontal field surface to compact grass growth. Find the horizontal
force and vertical force acting on the field surface.
SOLUTION
Fx = F cos 300
= 300 ( 0.8660)
= 259.8 N
F = 300 N

Lawn mower
Fx
30o m = 120 kg

30o
Field surface

Fy = - F sin 300 Origin point

Fy
= - 300 ( 0.5000)
Thrust, F
= - 150 N
Draw axis-y and axis-x from
Why Fy is negative ? the origin point
Draw a vertical component and
horizontal component
ACTIVITY 2.9C Text Book page 53
Normal, R
Normal force always perpendicular
to the incline
Friction, F

Weight, W = mg

Resolve the weight into a component

a. parallel to the incline
b. perpendicular to the incline
Resolve the weight into a component
a. parallel to the incline

Wx
Normal, R

Friction, F
W

Wx

From trigonometry function,

Weight, W = mg
Sin = Wx / W
Wx = W sin
Draw axis-y and axis-x from
the origin point
Draw a horizontal component of the
weight
Resolve the weight into a component
b. perpendicular to the incline

Normal, R

Friction, F W
Wy

Wy

From trigonometry function,

Weight, W = mg
Cos = Wy / W
Wy = W cos
Draw axis-y and axis-x from
the origin point
Draw a vertical component of the
weight
 Wx
Normal, R

Friction, F
W

Wx

Weight, W = mg

In terms of the component forces of weight, what is friction force acting on the car
if the car is a. at rest
b. moves due east with an acceleration, a
In terms of the component forces of weight, what is normal force acting on the
car?

Normal, R

Friction, F W
Wy

Wy

Weight, W = mg
ANALYSING FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM

Net Force = ma = 0
If forces are in equilibrium, how do we determine F, T ,W and ?
The resultant force ( net force ) is
obtained by drawing a triangle.

Tension, T

Force, F
Tension, T
Weight, W

Force, F

By using a trigonometry function, F, T ,W and can be determined.

 mass 2 kg

smooth incline
brick
30 o

What horizontal force has to be applied to the mass if it is to stay at rest ?

The forces has to be in equilibrium if mass is to stay at rest..

The net force = 0

Force acted downwards of the incline = force acted upwards of the incline
Resolve the horizontal component
force for weight.
Draw axis-y and
axis-x
Find the horizontal
Fx

force

30 o 30 o

Weight, W = mg
= ( 2 ) ( 10 )
Fx / W = sin 30 = 20 N
Fx = - W sin 30
= - 20 ( 0.500 )
= - 10 N

So, the horizontal force that has to be applied to the mass if it is to

stay at rest is = Fx
= 10 N ( in the opposite direction )
Exercise :
chain
1.
4 000 N
timber
30 0

Find the horizontal force acting on the timber.

2. wire
Picture
wall

Iron rod

Draw a triangle to show forces acting on the picture if the forces are
in equilibrium.
 chain
4 000 N
Timber
Fx 30 0

30 0
cos 30 = Fx / 4 000

Fx = 4 000 cos 30
= 3 464 N
Recognized forces F1
involved
F2

F3

Draw a triangle
F2
F1
F1 F3 F3

F2

Always draw forces which are perpendicular to each other

first
 What force must be applied to the
Flag pole flag pole ?

List all the forces acting

K
on the pole
B1 / T = sin 60
T = 500 N T = 500 N

J 60 o 60 o L
Cable line
M

W1 W2
Weight was supported by two
tension of the cable line
Forces acted on the ground by the flag pole
= Flag poles weight
= T sin 60 + T sin 60
= 2T sin 60
= 2 ( 500 ) ( 0.866 )
= 866 N
 Find tension in rope P and Q.

P List all the forces acting

Mass 2 kg on the mass
Draw a triangle
50 o

post Q

Weight, W = mg P
W
50 o
Q
Q
50 o
P W