PRESENTATION

OF DATA
 DATA
refer to any kind of information that you
collect and record.
is a set of values of qualitative or
quantitative variables.

Examples: The data shown below are students scores on five tests
conducted in 10 weeks.
45, 23, 67, 82, 71

Number of baskets scored by a basketball player

are: 8, 15, 11, 13, 9, 12, and 10
QUANTITATIVE DATA
information that can be measured and written
down with numbers.
examples of quantitative data are your
height, your shoe size, and the length.

QUALITATIVE DATA
information that can't actually be measured.

examples of qualitative data are the softness of

skin, the taste of a food, and the color of eyes.
UNGROUPED DATA
This is also called raw data, because it has not
been sorted into any groups or categories.

Example: The marks obtained by 25 students in a

class in a certain examination are given below;
25, 8, 37, 16, 45, 40, 29, 12, 42, 25, 14, 16,
16, 20, 10, 36, 33, 24, 25, 35, 11, 30, 45, 48.
GROUPED DATA

Data that are arranged into different classes and

categories
Ex: Time taken (in seconds) by a group of students to
answer a simple math question

20 25 24 33 13
Time taken (in seconds) Frequency
5 t < 10 1
26 8 19 31 11 10 t < 15 4
15 t < 20 6
16 21 17 11 34 20 t < 25 4
25 t < 30 2
30 t < 35 3
14 15 21 18 17
PRESENTATION OF DATA

Textual method

Tabular method

Graphical method
TEXTUAL METHOD
Data can be presented using
paragraphs or sentences. It involves
enumerating important characteristics,
emphasizing significant figure and
identifying important features of data
This style of reporting is appropriate in
academic reports as well as in scientific
journals. The paper generally includes
other representations of the data, such as
charts or graphs, to better communicate
with the reader.
TABULAR METHOD
In a tabular presentation data are
presented in rows and columns.

The most important advantage of

tabulation is that it organizes data for
further statistical treatment and decision
making. Classification used in tabulation is
of four kinds: qualitative, quantitative,
temporal and spatial.
Each cell gives information that relates an
attribute of gender with a number (literacy
percentages of rural people, urban people
and total.
GRAPHICAL METHOD

A graph is the representation of data by using

graphical symbols such as lines, bars, pie slices,
dots etc. A graph does represent a numerical
data in the form of a qualitative structure and
provides important information.
HISTOGRAM
It is a kind of bar graph. To construct a
histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range
of valuesthat is, divide the entire range of
values into a series of intervalsand then
count how many values fall into each
interval
BAR GRAPH
chart or graph that presents grouped data with
rectangular bars with lengths proportional to
the values that they represent. The bars can be
plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar
chart is sometimes called a Line graph.
PIE CHART
is a circular statistical graphic which is divided
into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a
pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and
consequently its central angle and area), is
proportional to the quantity it represents