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1
Units and Measurements
Pages 32-39
International System of Units
(SI System)
Kelvin C 273
o
1 cm3 = 1 mL
1 dm3 = 1 L
Density
Density (kg/m3 or g/cm3 or g/mL) is a
physical property of matter.
m
D=
V
m = mass
V = volume
Density
An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density
of 13.6 g/cm3. Find its mass.
GIVEN: WORK:
V = 825 cm3 m = DV
D = 13.6 g/cm3
m = (13.6 g/cm3)(825cm3)
m=?
m = 11,220 g
m
D m = 11,200 g
V (correct sig figs)
Density
A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume
is occupied by 25 g of the liquid?
GIVEN: WORK:
D = 0.87 g/mL V=m
V=? D
m = 25 g V = 25 g
= 28.736 mL
m 0.87 g/mL
D
V V = 29 mL (correct sig figs)
Non SI Units
The volume unit, liter (L), and
temperature unit, Celsius (C), are
examples of non-SI units frequently
used in chemistry.
SI & English Relationships
0.000000000000000000000000000000091 kg
x 602000000000000000000000
???????????????????????????????????
Scientific Notation:
A method of representing very large or
very small numbers in the form:
M x 10n
+ 3.00 x 10 + .30 x 10
5 6
4.30 x 10 6
Move the
decimal on
the smaller
number!
A Problem for you
2.37 x 10 -6
+ 3.48 x 10 -4
Solution
002.37
2.37 x 10 -6
+ 3.48 x 10 -4
Solution
0.0237 x 10 -4
+ 3.48 x 10 -4
3.5037 x 10 -4
PERFORMING
CALCULATIONS
IN SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
Factors: 1 cm and 10 mm
10 mm 1 cm
Dimensional Analysis
The Factor-Label Method
Units, or labels are canceled, or
factored out
10 mm
5 cm 50 mm
1 cm
Dimensional Analysis
Steps to solving problems:
1. Identify starting & ending units.
2. Line up conversion factors so
units cancel.
3. Multiply all top numbers & divide
by each bottom number.
4. Check units & answer.
How many minutes are in 2.5
hours?
conversion factor
400 mL 1 L
= .400 L
1000 mL
= 0.4 L
= 4x10-1 L
Convert 0.02 kilometers to m
0.02 km 1 000 m
= 20 m
1 km
= 2x101 m
Squared and Cubed Conversions
568mg 1g 10dL g
X X 5.68
dL 1000mg 1L L
Section 2.3
Uncertainty in Data
Pages 47-49
Types of Observations and
Measurements
We make QUALITATIVE
observations of reactions changes
in color and physical state.
We also make QUANTITATIVE
MEASUREMENTS, which involve
numbers.
Nature of Measurement
Measurement quantitative observation
consisting of two parts:
Number
Scale (unit)
Examples:
20 grams
6.63 10-34 jouleseconds
Accuracy vs. Precision
Accuracy - how close a measurement is
to the accepted value
ACCURATE = CORRECT
PRECISE = CONSISTENT
Accuracy vs. Precision
Precision and Accuracy in
Measurements
In the real world, we never know
whether the measurement we make
is accurate
We make repeated measurements,
and strive for precision
We hope (not always correctly) that
good precision implies good accuracy
Percent Error
Indicates accuracy of a measurement
experimental accepted
% error 100
accepted
your value
given value
Percent Error
A student determines the density of a
substance to be 1.40 g/mL. Find the %
error if the accepted value of the density
is 1.36 g/mL.
1.36
Section 2.3
Significant Figures or Digits
Pages 50-54
Uncertainty in Measurement
2.31 cm
Significant Figures
3456 has
4 significant figures
Rules for Counting Significant
Figures
Zeros
- Leading zeros do not count as
significant figures.
0.0486 has
3 significant figures
Rules for Counting Significant
Figures
Zeros
- Captive zeros always count as
significant figures.
16.07 has
4 significant figures
Rules for Counting Significant
Figures
Zeros
Trailing zeros are significant only
if the number contains a decimal
point.
9.300 has
4 significant figures
9,300 has
2 significant figures
Rules for Counting Significant
Figures
B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
1) 40.725 2) 40.73 3) 40.7
Learning Check
A. 2.19 X 4.2 =
1) 9 2) 9.2 3) 9.198
B. 4.311 0.07 =
1) 61.58 2) 62 3) 60
C. 2.54 X 0.0028 =
0.0105 X 0.060
1) 11.3 2) 11 3) 0.041