OIL AND FAT PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

(CPB 30303)

GROUP MEMBERS:
1. NURSYAZWANI BT ROSLI
2. NUR SYAFIIQAH BT ABDUL RAHIM
3. NURUL IFFA ASMA BINTI MOHD SUKRI
4. NUR AMIRA BT MANSOR
5. NURUL NAZIHAH BT ARMAN
Process to remove color, oxidizing bodies and
pigments
 LIST OF

ADSORBENT
Silica
Bleaching earth
Activated carbon

ADSORBATE

Carotenoids, chlorophyll, residue phosphatides, soaps, trace

metal, hyrdoperodxides and non volatile matter
 PROCESS INVOLVE
Adsorption Physical and chemical phenomenon that involves mass transport of
an adsorbate (solute adsorbed) from the solution phase to the
adsorbent surface.
Depending on the chemical and physical properties of both the
compounds to be adsorbed and the adsorbent, the adsorption
process may proceed through the following mechanisms
physical adsorption van der Waals forces between molecules
hold the adsorbed species on the adsorbent
chemisorption, chemical bond is formed between the
adsorbate and the adsorbent
Thermodynamic equilibrium reached between the solution and
the adsorbent, no further net adsorption occurs
Governed by the concentrations and properties of adsorbent and
adsorbate, and the temperature, viscosity, and pH of the system
Models (i.e., those of Langmuir, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and
Freundlich) describe adsorption equilibrium
 TYPES OF ISOTHERM

GASES LIQUID
Langmuir Freundlich
Isotherm isotherm

Process
happens at Bleaching of
uniform palm oil
surface
 Equation for Freundlich isotherm

The amount of pigment adsorbed

decrease with decreasing
concentration of pigment in the oil.
In practice the adsorbents is mixed up
with the oil in the stir vessel.

Where;
x is the amount of pigment
adsorbed,
m is the amount of adsorbent,
c is the amount of residual
pigment still in solution
(K and n are constants related to adsorptive
properties of the bleaching clay).
SELECTION OF BLEACHING PROCESS &
ADSORBENT

Depends on;
1) PRETREATMENT
2) DESIRED QUALITY OF PRODUCT
3) FILTRATION SPEED
4) OIL RETENTION BY ADSORBENT
Can be 50 wt % on bleaching earth
Can be 100 wt % on charcoal
5) CONDITION OF THE BLEACHING PROCESS
(OPTIMUM)
Lower concentration of gum (0.5-1.0 %) used activated
Possibility oxidize oil
Temp: 100C
Pressure: vacuum
Limited Oxygen
 BLEACHING AGENTS
( ADSORBENTS)
There are four basic kinds of Adsorbents Used in the edible
oil bleaching process;

NATURAL BLEACHING EARTH

ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTHS

ACTIVATED CARBON

SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICA

 NATURAL

BLEACHING
EARTH

ACTIVATED
 NATURAL

Natural bleaching earth-aluminum silicates

contains montmorillonite
[(Mg0.33, Al1.67) Si4O10(OH)2]Na0.33 ]

Montmorillonite that is also known as

Bentonite clays are soft stone with the
ability to absorb substances that dissolved
in water and other liquids .
That is why they are classified as natural
bleaching earths.

Montmorillonite clay is
added to some dog and cat
foods as an anti-caking
agent .They may provide
some resistance to
environmental toxins.
 NATURAL
Molecular lattice structure, macropore structure, and
particle size all affect the capacity of earths to adsorb
water, oil, phosphatides, soap, color bodies, and metals.
The better natural earths can absorb 15% of their own
weight in pigments and other impurities, but also retain
about 30% neutral oil.
The natural earths do not elevate the free fatty acid
content nor isomerize unsaturated fatty acid groups;
However, for dark or difficult to adsorb pigments or
impurities, prohibitive levels of the natural earths are
required, which make the activated materials more
attractive.
 Bentonite clays contains a high proportion of montmorillonite. (hydrous
aluminum silicate)
Considerable capacity for exchanging part of the aluminum for magnesium, alkalis,
and other bases.
Used for activated clay products have a poor natural bleaching activity.
Treatment, washing, drying, and milling alter the bleaching medias degree
of acidity, adsorption capabilities, and particle size distribution

Efficient bleaching
earth

A surface of the correct Particle size (finest

chemical composition particle size clays)
 A wide variety of carbonaceous raw materials can be used to form activated
carbon by carbonization at high temperatures, combined with the use of
activating materials, such as phosphoric acid, metal salts, etc
The treated material is washed, dried, and ground to produce activated
carbons of various pore sizes, internal specific surface areas, and alkalinity
or acidity.
Most processors use carbon sparingly due to problems with filtration,
relatively high cost, and high oil retention; carbon can retain up to 150% of
its weight of oil
When utilized, it is normally added in combination with bleaching earths at
5 to 10% of the earth volume
Carbon is effective in adsorbing certain impurities not affected by earths, for
example, some aromatic materials that are not volatilized by deodorization
can be satisfactorily removed with activated carbon.
 Silica is a chemically inert synthetic amorphous silica adsorbent with an
affinity for polar contaminants.
The surface area, porosity, and moisture content of the silica adsorbents
provide them the capability of adsorbing secondary oxidation products
(aldehydes, ketones), phosphatidic compounds, sulfur compounds, trace
metals, and soap.
The function of the moisture is to hold the pores open and aid in the
attraction of the polar contaminants.
Most of the synthetic silicas do not have significant direct adsorption
capabilities for carotenoid or chlorophyll compounds, but the removal of the
other impurities enhances the efficiency of the bleaching earths
The silica is introduced prior to adding the bleaching earth.
This usage also reduces the amount of bleaching earth required for the
removal of color bodies
Bleaching
Method
3 common methods types
of contact bleaching
methods used for edible
fats and oils are:

Batch atmospheric
Batch vacuum
Continuous vacuum
 ATMOSPHERIC BATCH
The process is carried out into open-
top tanks equipped with steam coils, or
a steam jacket, and a paddle agitator.
The oil introduced into the tank is
preheated at 70C (160F).
Bleaching earth is added from the top
of the tank and slurried with the oil
under gentle agitation.
The mixture is heated to the bleaching
temperature and after a short contact
time, the bleached oil is filtered.
 VACUUM BATCH
Bleaching earth is added to an agitated
slurry tank containing a small portion
of the refined oil at 160F (71C).

This slurry is transferred to the

vacuum bleacher, which contains the
balance of the oil batch.

The bleaching vessel is equipped with

coils or a steam jacket, an agitator, and
a vacuum system.

After the prescribed time at bleaching

temperature under vacuum, the
bleached oil batch is cooled to 160F
(71C), the vacuum is broken, and the
oil is filtered.
 CONTINUOUS VACUUM

Bleaching clay is continuously fed

into an oil stream at 160F (71C),
and the mixture is sprayed into a
vacuum chamber to remove both
water and air from the clay and the
oil.

The mixture is then heated to the

bleaching temperature with a heat
exchanger and then sprayed into a
second chamber for a certain
retention time.

After the bleaching retention time, it

is filtered in a closed-type filter and
cooled before the vacuum is broken.
 Vacuum bleaching is more effective than atmospheric bleaching
- it uses less clay, operates at lower bleaching temperatures,
thus minimizes oxidation, and facilitates moisture removal
resulting in the development of less FFA due to hydrolysis.
Atmospheric bleaching may have an efficient absorptive effect,
succeeding the lightening of oil color, but at the same time
causes oxidations that may have a darkening result in oil.
In vacuum processing, the absorption of color pigments and
the development of oil darkening due to oxidations can be
controlled if the mixture is filtered in closed-type filters and
cooled under nitrogen stream before the vacuum is broken.
Continuous bleaching is preferable for large oil capacities that
can be processed without interruptions, for emptying and
refilling, which involve the risk of oil oxidation.
BLEACHING PROCESS
BLEACHING PROCESS

The oil enter Bleaching Heater enter Absorbent Mix Tank [oil
mixed with a special soap and gum attracting adsorbent (silica)]

The oil and adsorbent mixture enters Prefiltration Dryer

(moisture evaporated)

The dry oil and adsorbent mixture is filtered in Adsorbent Filters

to remove the spent adsorbent.

The dry oil and adsorbent mixture is filtered in Adsorbent Filters

to remove the spent adsorbent.
BLEACHING PROCESS

This first filtration results in a press effect that starts the bleaching
process (Pre-Bleaching) before fresh earth has been added.

When combined with the silica treatment, this reduces earth

consumption by as much as 50%. In cases when the special adsorbents
are not available, the Mix Tank and Discharge Pump are simply by-
passed.

The filtered oil is further heated in the Bleaching Heater enter the
Bleacher (mixed with bleaching earth). The earth adsorbs pro-
oxidants, color bodies and other residual impurities.
BLEACHING PROCESS

The Bleacher has multiple agitated compartments and also operates

under vacuum to ensure complete moisture and air removal. The oil
and earth mixture is filtered in another one of the three Adsorbent
Filters.

The bleached and filtered oil is sent to intermediate storage via one of
the alternating Polish Filters and, typically, an economizer located
upstream in degumming or neutralizing.

The bleached and filtered oil is sent to intermediate storage via one of
the alternating Polish Filters and, typically, an economizer located
upstream in degumming or neutralizing.
 BLEACHING IMAGE

BEFORE AFTER