Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Medicine
0 To benefit the sick
0 Improving peoples health by
conducting physical and non-physical
intervention
0 Involving interpersonal relationship
0 Own moral resources
0 Role-behavior
0 Setting of objectives
0 Not only based on evidence alone, but
also values
The Facts of Modern
Medical Practice
0 Development of medical science and
technology (e.g. life sustaining
treatment, stem cell study, cloning
therapy, etc)
No doctor can avoid having to make
difficult ethical decisions
0 Clinical decisions are increasingly
questioned by patients, relatives, and
the courts
0 Conflict of values (between physician
and patients or their families)
Where is the entrance
for Philosophical
Thinking?
0 Health is not a moral matter, but
working for health is a moral action
0 When values are conflicting, to what
principles can health workers assent
their answers?
0 How can we escape from the stalemate
of moral conflict?
What makes something a
moral issue?
Conflict of content
duties, rights, human welfare, suffering,
character, etc
Conflict of perspective:
impartial, compassionate, etc.
The strategy to answer
moral questions
The Fails strategy
0 To search for objectively good or the
ultimate value the answer to ethical
problems is often between continuum of
unethical to highest ethical degree
0 To search from the Rules or Codes of
Practice and law
0 Limited resources
0 Changing by time and community paradigm
0 High variety
0 Not from the inside
Promising Possibility
0 Relativist position no absolute standard
of morality
The basis of moral
decision
1. Do what the God tells you--Divine
Command Theories
2. Follow your conscience--The Ethics of
Conscience
3. Watch out for #1--Ethical Egoism
4. Do the right thing--The Ethics of Duty
5. Don't dis' me--The Ethics of Respect
6. ...all Men are created ...with certain
unalienable Rights--The Ethics of Rights
7. Make the world a better place--
Utilitarianism
8. Daddy, thats not fair--The Ethics of
Justice
9. Be a good person--Virtue Ethics
The Questions
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THE BELMONT REPORT 1979 (2)
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THE BELMONT REPORT 1979 (3)
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PERKEMBANGAN
EMPAT PRINSIP DASAR ETIKA
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PERKEMBANGAN
EMPAT PRINSIP DASAR ETIKA
(2)
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EMPAT PRINSIP DASAR ETIK
DAN APLIKASINYA DALAM
PELAYANAN
23
Why are the Four
Principles important?
0 To avoid:
0 Moral relativism
0 Moral imperialism
AUTONOMY
Konsep Dasar
Otonomi
Berasal dari bahasa Yunani, autos: diri
sendiri/pribadi; dan nomos:
aturan/pemerintah/hukum
Berkembang dari sistem negara kota
Self governance (otonomi politik)
kebebasan individu (otonomi
personal)
Otonomi personal adalah aturan
pribadi mengenai diri sendiri yang
bebas dari pengaruh pengendalian
dari pihak lain dan dari keterbatasan
pribadi yang mencegah seseorang
melakukan pilihan yang menentukan,
seperti halnya pemahaman yang
kurang
Teori: Second-order-
desire
Otonomi adalah mengenai
kepemilikan kapasitas untuk secara
berulang mengenali dan
mengendalikan hasrat dasar (yang
lebih rendah) dengan hasrat yang
lebih tinggi
Dibutuhkan rasionalitas yang tinggi
Permasalahan dari teori ini adalah:
Bagaimanakah jika hasrat seseorang
tersebut sudah dikuasi oleh hasratnya
yang lebih rendah?
Keberlakuan teori yang membutuhkan
keadaan ideal (bebas berotonomi)
respect for autonomy
Syarat Tindakan
Otonom
0 3 syarat tindakan disebut sebagai
tindakan otonomi:
1. (Intentionally) Tindakan diputuskan
dengan maksud tertentu
2. (understanding) Dengan pemahaman
yang benar
3. (without influence) Tanpa pengaruh
yang mengendalikan pilihan mereka
0 Mungkinkah hal tersebut dipenuhi?
Syarat utama otonomi
44
PENGGUNAAN (2)
45
PENDEKATAN (3)
46
Thank You