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Drilling

Drilling
Drilling Dynamics
Dynamics
Dynamics
Drilling Dynamics
A Key Component of Drilling
Optimization

A Halliburton Company
Drilling Dynamics
Vibration is the resultant motion or oscillation
of a machine in response to a force

Dynamics is one part of


Drilling Efficiency

In the Drilling VIBRATION


VIBRATION
Environment VIBRATION
VIBRATION
dynamics means VIBRATION
VIBRATION
VIBRATION
Overview

Description
Dynamics and its effects

Sources and Factors That Effect Vibration

Solutions
Steps that can be taken to reduce it
Costs of Downhole Vibration
Inefficient Drilling and reduced ROP

Bit Damage

Damage to Rig Equipment

Damage to Downhole Electronics

Accelerated Fatigue

Increased Abrasion of Drill String Components

Poor Well Bore Condition

Interference with Downhole Telemetry


Modes of Vibration
Axial Axial
Bit Bounce
Lateral
Bit Whirl
BHA Whirl
Bending
Lateral
Bit Chatter
Torsional
Slip Stick
Bit Whirl
BHA Whirl
Torsional Coupling
Modes Of Vibration

MECHANISMS MODE OF VIBRATION FREQUENCY

BIT BOUNCE AXIAL 1 - 10 Hz

BIT CHATTER LATERAL 50 - 350+ Hz

BIT WHIRL LATERAL / TORSIONAL 5 - 100 Hz

BHA WHIRL LATERAL / TORSIONAL 5 - 20 Hz

SLIP STICK TORSIONAL 0 - 5 Hz

MODAL COUPLING AXIAL,LATERAL,TORSIONAL 0 - 20 Hz


Bit Bounce
Causes
Bit/Formation Interaction
Multilobe Pattern of RC Bits
WOB Variation

Consequences
Impact Loading of Cutters, Seals and Bearings
Drill String Can Flex Causing Lateral Shocks

Detection
Axial movement of String at Surface at Shallow Depths
Shaking of Hoisting Equipment at Shallow Depths
Use Downhole Shock Sensor mounted for Z-Axis (DDS)
Broken Teeth / Inserts and Ball Race Indention's on RC Bits
Broken Nose Cutters on PDC Bits
Bit Bounce

Corrective Actions
Decrease WOB and/or Decrease RPM
If Persists Stop, Pick up and Restart with Low RPM and WOB
until Bit is bedded in.

Other Solutions (Post Run)


Less Aggressive Bit
Use Shock Sub if run with correct RPM, WOB and ROP
Backward Whirl

Bit or BHA Whirl


Eccentric rotation
about a point other than
geometric center
Caused by Bit or BHA
/ Wellbore gearing
Results in backward
rotation of
circumferential points
(e.g. blade tip)
Backward Whirl
Potential Consequences
Bit damage

MWD / BHA Tool component failures

Localized Tooljoint / Stabilizer Wear

(Flat Spots)

Connection fatigue cracks leading to washout


and / or twist off

Excessive torque

Enlarged / spiral wellbore profile


Bit Damage
Resulting From Whirl

Impact damage

on rear of blades

due to backward

rotation, resulting

in broken blades
Forward Whirl

Eccentric rotation about


a point other than
geometric center
May occur with bent
housing motors

Results in bit rolling


around wellbore
synchronously with
direction of rotation

Not generally damaging


Bit Whirl

Bottom hole patterns obtained from roller cone bits with 3


(left) and 2 (right) cones. (Ref SPE paper 28323)
Lateral Vibration

Sideways movement of BHA

Random (chaotic) forward & backward


whirl

Caused by imbalance BHA components

DDS indications:

Medium to high Px & Py

Low to medium Ax & Ay

Consequences similar to whirl


Bit Chatter
High frequency resonance of Bit and BHA caused
by impacts of individual cutter blades or
individual cutters

Occurs with PDC bits in high compressive


strength rocks

Consequences
Bit cutter damage

Failure of electronic components and solder joints


Bit Chatter
Detection
DDS high peak x and y accelerations

DDS high average x and y accelerations

Burst data shows high frequency peak in x and y axes

Corrective action
Adjust RPM and WOB down away from resonant
condition

Other Solutions (Post Run)


Consider a bit more suitable to drill the high
compressive strength rock or stringers
Slip-Stick
Torsional Vibration of the Drill String

Initiated by mechanical or frictional resistance to


Rotation
Non-Uniform Rotation of the Drill String

Repeated Stalling of the Bit, Twisting and Build up of


Energy in the Drill Pipe then Freeing of the Bit Causing
Energy Transfer from the Drill String to the BHA.

Rotary Drive Reacts to RPM Changes by Increasing or


Decreasing the Torque Causing a Self Perpetuating
Cycling
Slip-Stick
Consequences
Torque Cycling Over or Under Torques Connections

Fatigue Rates are Increased Through High Amplitude


Shear Stress Cycling

Extreme Levels Cause the String to Rotate Backwards


at the End of the Slip Phase Damaging PDC cutting
Structures

Extreme Levels Can Back off Connections

Lateral Shocks are Associated with the Free Spinning in


the Slip Phase Stressing Collar Connections and
Damaging Downhole Electronics
Slip-Stick
Detection
Surface Torque and RPM Oscillations : Slip-Stick
monitoring Systems or DrilSaver

Downhole Sensors : DDS, 4D

Surface Instrumented Subs : Adams

Corrective Actions
Increase RPM, Decrease WOB

If Vibration Persists Pick up and Restart Drilling with


Higher RPM.
Slip-Stick

Other Solutions
Less Aggressive PDC bit, Select Rock Bit

Good Drilling Practices to Create Smooth Well Profile


Slip-Stick
Torsional Vibration Example

FLAT-TOP TRQ TRACE


DUE TO LIMIT BEING
REACHED
Coupling of Vibration Mechanisms
Coupling means that one vibration
mechanism can induce another

HIGH RPM
During slip phase

SLIP-STICK BIT WHIRL

D WOB
&
Bending

AXIAL BIT WHIRL


Factors Effecting Downhole Vibration

Hole Angle
Lateral Vibrations are More Likely in Vertical
Wells

In Directional and High Angle Holes Gravity


Damps Lateral Displacement

Deviated and High angle Holes are More Likely


to Induce Torsional Vibration

High Angle, Tortuous Holes and Large Dogleg


Severities Increase Frictional Torque
Factors Effecting Downhole Vibration

BHA Design
Use of a Downhole Motor Reduces Energy
Interactions Between BHA and Wellbore

Packed Assemblies are less Susceptible to


Vibration than Slick Assemblies

Under Gauge Stabilisers are more likely to


generate Whirl

Surround MWD with Full Gauge Stabilisers to


protect the Tool
Factors Effecting Downhole Vibration

Drill Bits
PDC bits tend to Whirl at High RPM in Hard
formations

Dull or Under Gauge PDC bits can generate


Slip-Stick Torsional Vibrations

Too High WOB and Too Low RPM creates


Torsional Vibration and Slip-Stick

Roller Cone bits can bounce, Axial Vibration,


in Hard Formations or if too low WOB is
applied
Factors Effecting Downhole Vibration

Lithology
Vibration Increases with Formation Strength

Vibrations are Particularly Associated with Zones of High and


Low Compressive Strength

Hole Size
Over Gauge Hole leads to Lateral Shocks, BHA Whirl
and Bit Whirl

Under Gauge Hole Creates Torsional Vibration

Drilling Mud
Mud Condition and type can Influence Vibration levels
Vibration Mechanisms
Each Mechanism Describes the Behaviour
of the Drill String During Vibration
Bit Bounce

Slip-Stick

Bit Whirl

BHA Whirl

Modal Coupling

Bit Chatter

Lateral Shock Motion


Methods of Reducing Vibration Damage

Bit Design
F.A.S.T., SE3000,
Planning - BHA design
WHIRL
Real-time vibration monitoring
DDS, DrilSaver, Instrumented Bit, VSS,
AcoustiCaliper, WOB/TOB
Improved Tool Reliability
Reduced Vibration Drilling systems
SlickBore, Geo-Pilot
Force Balancing

F F WOB
P D

TORQUE
Engagement
PDC Cutter

Penetration and Drag Cutter


Forces
M M

Fvertical = WOB
Mcenterline = TORQUE
M

Fradial = 0
Asymmetric Blade Layout

Symmetric
Symmetric
Symmetric blades create a lobed 240

bottom hole pattern in a regular


0
periodic manner which can lead to
self-regenerative whirl 120

Asymmetric blade layout upsets the Asymmetric


248
periodic pattern thus disrupting the
harmonic effects of a lobed bottom 0
0
hole pattern
105
Predicted Lobe Generation
for Symmetric & Asymmetric

Symmetric
120

240
Asymmetric
105

248
Low Torque Gauge Pads

Removal of sharp edges


and aggressive wear
surface reduces ability of
gauge pad to bite into
borehole wall.

Creates less drag


between the bit and the
borehole wall reducing
any tendency to pivot
about a gauge pad.
Spiraled Blades

As with asymmetry, spiraled cutter


layouts and gauge pads help break up
any regenerative lobed cutting patterns
by:
Lessening probability of a new center of
rotation occurring along a cutter blade or
gauge pad.
Effectively increases resistance of the gauge
pad from biting into the borehole wall.
When spiraled, the release of a blade happens
in closer proximity with the contact of the
next, passing the load to the next blade more
smoothly.
Trac-Set Cutting Structure

Unlike the standard layout, the ridged pattern


created by a Trac-Set cutting structure resists
the bits tendency to translate laterally by
stabilizing on formation ridges.

Standard Layout Trac-Set


Restoration Forces

Standard Set
13mm PDC. 50 FPH. 120 RPM 13 mm PDC. 50 FPH. 120 RPM
No Offset < - Offset 0.025

Outside Radial Inside Radial Outside Radial Inside Radial


Fr1 = 38.4 lbf Fr2 = 38.4 lbf Fr1 = 35.7 lbf Fr2 = 44.1 lbf
Fr1/Fv = 0.094 Fr2/Fv = 0.094 Fr1/Fv = 0.088 Fr2/Fv = 0.108

Total Vertical Fv = 408 lbf Total Vertical Fv = 408 lbf


= = Net Radial Force Fr = 0.0 lbf = = < = = Net Radial Force Fr = 8.48 lbf < = =
Restoration Forces

Trac Set
13mm PDC. 50 FPH. 120 RPM 13 mm PDC. 50 FPH. 120 RPM
No Offset < - Offset 0.025

Outside Radial Inside Radial Outside Radial Inside Radial


Fr1 = 81.0 lbf Fr2 = 81.0 lbf Fr1 = 96.4 lbf Fr2 = 60.6 lbf
Fr1/Fv = 0.180 Fr2/Fv = 0.180 Fr1/Fv = 0.212 Fr2/Fv = 0.180

Total Vertical Fv = 451 lbf Total Vertical Fv = 454 lbf


= = Net Radial Force Fr = 0.0 lbf = = = = > Net Radial Force Fr = 35.8 lbf = = >
Impact Arrestors

Impact Arrestors act to dampen chaotic


vibrations that typically exist downhole by
providing stabilization to both the axial and
lateral modes of vibration.

Impact
Arrestor PDC
Impact Arrestors

Standard W / Impact Arrestors

ROP

ROP

Time >

Axial Vibration Reduction


DDS Tool

The DDS Sensor


consists of tri-axial
accelerometers
mounted on the
DGR gamma
sensor electronics
insert

Records
accelerations in
g as Average,
Peak, and Burst
Vibrations
DrilSaver
DrilSaver is an Advancement of Slip-Stick
Monitoring Systems

Uses Fourier Analysis to breakdown the


Torque Signal, providing a Frequency Domain
spectrum of the amount of energy contained
within the sinusoidal oscillation of the Torque
signal.

Sinusoidal Oscillation In the torque signal is


characteristic of Torsional Vibration present in
the drillstring.

DrilSaver provides a method of quantifying


Torsional Vibration (KT Magnitude)
Whirl Program
Based on DYNAMICS program developed by Boeing
Further Developed by Dykstra at Tulsa University and
Amoco
Incorporated into Sperry-Suns Well Planning Package
(PLANIT)
Uses Jacobi and finite element analysis to predict critical
rotary speeds for excitation of fundamental lateral
vibrations (resonance) of BHA in drilling fluid in a straight
hole (vertical or inclined)
[M] {} + [K] {U} = {0}

[M] is the Mass Matrix [K] is the Stiffness Matrix


{} is the displacement vector

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