HEAT TRANSFER

(MODUL 2)
Dr.-Ing. Silviana, ST.,MT
Syllabus
HEAT EXCHANGER
HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (LMTD)
HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH NUMBER OF
TRANFER UNIT (NTU) AND EFFECTIVENESS
References
Brown, GG., Unit Operations, 1950, Modern Asia Editions
Buchori, L & Soemardjo, M, Buku Ajar Perpindahan Panas, 2011,
LP2MP Undip
Foust, AS, Wenzel LA, Clump, CW, Maus L, Andersen, LB, Principles of
Unit Operations, 1979, John Wiley and Sons
Coulson & Richardson, Chemical Engineering Vol.1 Fluid Flow Heat
transfer and mass transfer, 6th edition, Butterworth Heinemann
Holman, JP, Heat transfer (Mc Graw Hill Series in Mechanical
Engineering), 10 th edition
Heat Exchanger
In the process industries the transfer of heat between two fluid is
done in HE
Mechanism of heat transfer have been established:
1. Molecular : conduction
2. Turbulent : convection
3. Radiation : emission (without physical contact)
Heat Exchanger
The HE used by chemical engineer cannot be characterized by any
one design
Most of this characteristic to most heat exchangers is the transfer to
heat from hot phase to cold phase with the transfer of heat from a
hot stream to a cold phase with the two phases being separated by a
solid boundary
Heat exchanger equipment
The equipment is constructed to control the nature flow and the fluid
velocity adjacent to the surface of solid
One Fluid Confined
Radiator : simple type of HE, water circulates between the furnace
and the radiator by natural convection (thermosiphon)
Air heater: heat from condensing steam inside the tubes is transferred
to air flowing outside the tubes.
Spray tower?
Cooling tower.
Heat exchanger equipments
Both Fluid Confined
Double pipe HE/Annulus: one fluid flows inside of a pipe/ tube while a
second fluid flows either co or counter currently
- No requires large surface area
- Small flow rate
Heat exchanger equipments
Heat exchanger equipments
Cross Flow
One fluid mixed one unmixed
the gas flowing across the tubes = mixed stream
the fluid in the tubes = unmixed stream
The gas is mixed because it can move about freely
in the exchanger as it exchanges heat.
 Heat exchanger equipments

Both fluid unmixed

Both fluid are confined in separate tubular channels
while in the exchanger so that it cannot mix with itself during the heat-transfer
process.
gas flows across finned-tube bundles and thus is unmixed since it is confined in
separate channels between the fins as it passes through the exchanger. This
exchanger is typical of the types used in air-conditioning applications.
Baffles design
to direct the flow of the shell-side fluid
across the tube bundle
to support the tubes against sagging and
possible vibration,
to optimize the heat transfer by
adjustment of flow stream (optimize
contact time)
Tube layout and pitch
equilateral triangular, square and staggered square
The triangular layout gives a robust tube sheet although, because the
vertical and horizontal distances between adjacent
tubes is generally greater in a square layout compared with the
equivalent triangular pitch design, the square array simplifies
maintenance and particularly cleaning on the shellside.
Shell & Tube ?
Satisfactory choice & design of shell & tube edpend on cost,
cleanability, temperatures, corrosion, operation pressure, pressure
drop and hazards
a. Least corrosive
b. Cleanest fluid
c. Viscosity
d. Laminar flow
e. High pressure fluid
f. High temperature
Heat Exchanger
Efficiency of energy by using heat of fluid stream
In heating and cooling ------ no phase change or phase change
(depend on type of equipments)
HE equipments is defined by the function it fulfills in a process
Exchangers covers heat between two process streams
Steam and cooling water are utilities and are not considered in the
same sense as recoverable process streams
Heaters: to heat process fluids with steam (hot fluids)
Coolers: to cool process fluids with water
Heat Exchanger
Condenser:
coolers whose primary purpose is the removal of latent instead of sensible heat
Prime purpose: to bring about a change of phase from a vapor to a liquid by means
of a coolant
Partial condenser: it is desireable to condense only a portion of the vapor (for
reflux)
Condesation of superheated vapor: there is sensible heat to be removed
Condensation of binary mixture, multicomponent mixture .?
Operating pressure:
atmospheric P= the condensing range is 123-102 F, t= 16,5 F
P=35 psia, the condensing range is 174-153 F, t= 57 F
Heat exchanger
Condenser:
1. C. vertical
2. C. horizontal
3. C-subcooler vertical
4. C-subcooler horizontal
Heat exchanger
Vaporizer: a HE designed to supply latent heat of vaporization to a
fluid
If the vapor formed is stream, the exchanger is commonly called an
evaporator
If the exchanger is used to supply the heat requirements at the bottom
of a distillation tower, it is called a reboiler
1. Vaporizer
2. Kettle reboiler
3. Thermosyphon reboiler
Heat Transfer
Cooling Tower (Humidifier)
Background: cooling medium : cold water
Classification:
1. Mechanical draft towers
Air enters through circular fan opening (forced draft)
It requires more high height and volume
Air can enter along entire length of wall (induced draft)
No requirements of height and volume
2. Natural draft towers
Air blows through the louvered sides in one direction at a time
Cooling tower
Air is heated in the tower by the hot water it contacts, so density is
lowered.
The difference between the density of the air in the tower and
outside it causes a natural flow of cold air in at the bottom and the
rejection of less dense, warm air at the top.
It is equipped with bare-tube bundles, which are inserted abouve the
water basin at the bottom of the tower
Cooling tower internal
If water passess through a nozzle capable of producing a small
droplets, a large surface for air-water contact.
Since air-water interface is the heat transfer surface, the use of nozzle
permits the consideration of contact apparatus
Role of Fill
The function of fill: to increase the available surface in the tower,
either by spreading the liquid over a greater surface or by retarding
the rate of fall of the droplet surface through apparatus.
Raschig rings, Berl saddles are common of the fill
Heat Exchanger Performance
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)
Flat
1
=
1 1
+ +

x

 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)
1
=
1 1
+ +

1
= 1 1
+ +

Fouling Factor
Adanya deposit di permukaan HE akibat interaksi antar fluida setelah
HE beroperasi
Akibatnya adanya tambahan hambatan terhadap laju panas sehingga
menurunkan performa HE
Efek ini disebut fouling factor atau fouling resistance ()
1 1
=

 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)
1
=
1 1
+ + + +

1
= 1 1
+ + + +

 Logaritmic Mean Temperature Difference
Skema Annulus HE dan Profil Temperatur

Cocurrent

Counter current
Neraca Energi (paralel flow/cocurrent)
= . . = . . di mana = . .

Sehingga: = dan =
. .

1 1
= = +
. .
1 1
= +
. .
2 2 1 1
= +
1 1 . .
Neraca Energi

Di mana: . = dan . =
1 2 2 1
Sehingga: Asumsi:
2 2 1 1 1. Panas jenis fluida konstan
=
2 2 2. Koefisien perpindahan panas
ln[ ] konveksi konstan
1 1
1 1 = 1
2 2 = 2
1 2
2 1
=

ln[ 2 ]
1
= . .
= log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Double pipe HE /Annulus HE counter flow
2 1
=
2
ln[ ]
1
= . .
= log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

2
Multi pass
= . . . ; jika terjadi perubahan fasa maka F=1
Multi pass
Cross flow
Contoh Soal
Contoh Soal
Contoh Soal
Benzen akan didinginkan dari suhu 170F menjadi 115F dengan alat
HE. Flowrate benzen 8000 lbm/h sebagai pendingin digunakan air
yang masuk pada suhu 55F dengan laju alir 5000 lbm/h. Bila
diketahui panas jenis benzen 0,42 Btu/lb. F. Panas jenis air 1 Btu/lb.
F. Harga U=55 Btu/h. Ft2.F. Tentukanlah luas perpindahan panas
untuk konfigurasi:
a. Single pass counter flow
b. 1,4 HE
c. Cross flow single pass dengan air tercampur dan benzen tidak
tercampur
Profil Temperatur Alat Penukar Panas
Profil Temperatur Alat Penukar Panas
Contoh Soal
Water at the rate of 30,000 lbm/h [3.783 kg/s] is heated from 100 to 130F [37.78
to 54.44C] in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used
with water as the heating fluid, 15,000 lbm/h [1.892 kg/s], entering the exchanger
at 200F [93.33C]. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 250 Btu/h ft2 F [1419
W/m2 C], and the average water velocity in the 3/4-in[1.905-cm] diameter tubes
is 1.2 ft/s [0.366 m/s]. Because of space limitations, the tube length must not be
longer than 8 ft [2.438 m]. Calculate the number of tube passes, the number of
tubes per pass, and the length of the tubes, consistent with this restriction.
Solusi:
= . . = . .

(30.000)(1)(130100)
= = 60 F=33,33 C Ingat satuan Cp air jika dalam Btu/lb F adalah 0,998
(15.000)(1)

Untuk fluida dingin maka:

KJ
= (3,783 4180 54,44 37,76 C Ingat satuan 1 s = 1000 W

KJ 1 W = 3,4121 Btu/jam
= 263,8 = 263,8 kW = 8,08 x 10 5
s

Counter current:
93,33 54,44 (60 37,78) = . .
= = = 29,78 C
93,33 54,44
ln[ 60 37,78 ]

2,636x 105 ()
= = 6,238 2 (67,1 2 )

(1419 2 )(29,78C)
C
Solusi
Hitung luasan aliran total dari kecepatan air rata2 dalam tabung
(0,366 m/s (1,2 ft/s)

( ) 3,783
= = = 0,01034 2
1000 (0,366)
3 ( )

Luasan ini merupakan perkalian jumlah tabung dengan luasan
aliran per tabung

. 2
0,01034 =
4
Sehingga :
(0,01034)(4)
= = 36,3 36
(0,01905)2

Luas permukaan per tabungnya adalah = = 0,01905 =

2
0,0598
Solusi
Jadi panjang tabungnya dapat dihitung dari luas permukaan total

. . = 6,238 2
6,238
= = 2,898
(36)(0,0598)
Contoh Soal
Alat penukar panas 1-4 HE luas 52 2 dengan harga U = 55 Btu/jam. 2 F.
Alat ini semula untuk mendinginkan benzen dengan pendingin air. Namun
akhirnya digunakan untuk mendinginkan minyak dengan panas jenis 0,53
Btu/lbF dan masuk pada suhu 250 F dengan laju alir 12000 lb/jam.
Sedang air pendingin masuk pada suhu 55 F dengan laju alir 5000 lb/jam.
Berapa suhu minyak dan air waktu keluar alat penukar panas tersebut
dengan konfigurasi 1-2 HE?

Penyelesaian:
1. Trial & Error salah satu suhu keluar
2. NTU = number of transfer unit
Cara 1
Ditrial dengan suhu keluar minyak, maka di dapat suhu keluar air
(dengan neraca energi sbb:)
. . = . .
Hitung LMTD single pass
Cari harga F
Hitung LMTD 1-2 HE
Hitung q dengan suhu trial pertama
Hitung q dengan LMTD 1-2 HE
Jika belum sama, maka diulang langkah pertama
ANALISA ALAT PENUKAR PANAS
EFEKTIVITAS ALAT PENUKAR PANAS ()

()
=
( )

terjadi pada aliran counter current, jika perubahan suhu fluida

yang memiliki harga (. )
Penentuan Q maksimum
Jika salah satu fluida mengalami perubahan suhu sebesar beda suhu
maksimum dalam APP (beda suhu masuk fluida panas dan fluida
dingin)
Fluida ini mungkin memiliki harga (. )
Sehingga perpindahan kalor yang terjadi adalah:
= ( . ) . ( )
Jika > maka disebut dan disebut
Jika < maka disebut dan disebut

Selanjutnya = =

Hubungan antara efektivitas dan NTU

= ; = =

= ( )
Apabila perpindahan panasnya aktual maka:
= ( )
Apabila alat perpindahan panas terjadi perpindahan maksimum maka akan
terjadi suhu = maka didefiniskan sebagai berikut:
( ) ( )
= =
( ) ( )
Apabila hot fluid min maka =
( ) ( )
= =
( ) ( )
Hubungan antara efektivitas dan NTU
Dari ketiga persamaan tersebut, maka didapatkan:
.
1exp (1
=

. ..................................................1
1 (1

.
Di mana: =

1exp (1 LAWAN ARAH

= ...................................................2
1 (1

Hubungan antara efektivitas dan NTU

1exp (1+ PARALEL
=

...........................................................3
1+

Perhitungan efektivitas dapat dilakukan dalam dua jalan:

- Menggunakan rumusan efektivitas ()

- Secara grafik, dengan menggunakan parameter dan NTU

Efektivitas NTU
= . . (2 1 ) = . . (1 2 )

= . . (1 2 ) = . . (1 2 )
Contoh Soal
Alat penukar panas lawan arah luasan 12,5 m2 untuk mendinginkan
minyak dengan Cp minyak 2000 J/kg.C dengan air Cp air 4170
J/kg.C . Suhu minyak masuk 100C. Laju alir 2 kg/s dan suhu air
masuk 20C, laju alirnya 0,48 kg/s. Harga U =400 W/m2.C.
Hitunglah : Suhu fluida dingin keluar dan panas yang ditransfer
 Solusi A= 12,5 m2
U=400 W/m2.C
T1=100C Cph=2000 J/kg.C Cpc=4170 J/kg .C
mh=2 kg/s mc=0,48 kg/s
Th1=100 C Tc1=20C
Th2=? Q=? Tc2=?
t1=20C

Metode NTU:
Air: Cc= 0,48 kg/s x 4170 J/kg .C = 2001,6 J/s .C
Minyak: Ch = 2 kg/s x 2000 J/kg .C =4000 J/s .C
2001,6
Ch > Cc maka Ch=Cmaks sehingga = 4000 = 0,5

. 400 2 . 12,52
= = = 2,5

2001,6 .
 Solusi A= 12,5 m2
U=400 W/m2.C
T1=100C Cph=2000 J/kg.C Cpc=4170 J/kg .C
mh=2 kg/s mc=0,48 kg/s
Th1=100 C Tc1=20C
Th2=? Q=? Tc2=?
t1=20C

a. Secara grafik didapat =0,83

b. Perhitungan (persamaan 2) didapat =0,83
Maka: q= .Cmin( ) = 0,83 x 2001,6 (100-20) =132906,24 J/s

Untuk air: q=mc.Cpc.(Tco-Tci)

132906,24 J/s = 0,48 kg/s x 4170 J/kgC x (Tco-20)C
Tco = 66,4 C
Untuk minyak: q=mh.Cph.(Thi-Tho)
132906,24 J/s = 2kg/s x 2000 J/kgC x (100-Tho)C
Tho = 66,77 C