Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy

How does thermal

energy work?
Important terms to know:

Temperature:
Important terms to know:

Temperature: A measure of the

average kinetic energy of the
individual particles in matter.
Important terms to know:

Temperature: A measure of the

average kinetic energy of the
individual particles in matter.
Low temperatures = low kinetic
energy
Important terms to know:

Temperature: A measure of the

average kinetic energy of the
individual particles in matter.
Low temperatures = low kinetic
energy
High temperatures = high kinetic
energy
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Thermometers: As the liquid in the
thermometer heats up its volume
increases (rises) and as it cools
off its volume goes down (drops).
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Scales: The three common scales are
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and the Kelvin
scales.
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Scales: The three common scales are
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and the Kelvin
scales.
Fahrenheit: Used in the United States.
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Scales: The three common scales are
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and the Kelvin
scales.
Fahrenheit: Used in the United States.

Celsius: Used nearly everywhere else.

Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Scales: The three common scales are
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and the Kelvin
scales.
Fahrenheit: Used in the United States.

Celsius: Used nearly everywhere else.

Kelvin: Commonly used in the physical

sciences.
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Conversions:
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Conversions:
K = C + 273
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Conversions:
K = C + 273

C = K - 273
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Conversions:
K = C + 273

C = K - 273

C = 5/9(F 32)
Important terms to know:

Temperature: continued
Conversions:
K = C + 273

C = K - 273

C = 5/9(F 32)

F = 9/5C + 32
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
the temperature of an object.
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
the temperature of an object.
the arrangement of the objects particles.
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
the temperature of an object.
the arrangement of the objects particles.
Heat:
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
the temperature of an object.
the arrangement of the objects particles.
Heat:
Thermal energy that moves from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
the temperature of an object.
the arrangement of the objects particles.
Heat:
Thermal energy that moves from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
Thermal energy only becomes heat when it
is transferred.
Thermal Energy:
Thermal Energy depends on:
the number of particles an object has.
the temperature of an object.
the arrangement of the objects particles.

Heat:
Thermal energy that moves from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
Thermal energy only becomes heat when it
is transferred.
Its unit of measure is Joules.
Thermal Energy:
Specific Heat:
Thermal Energy:
Specific Heat: The amount of energy
required to raise 1 g of a material by 1
C.
Thermal Energy:
Specific Heat: The amount of energy
required to raise 1 g of a material by 1
C.
Measured in joules per kilogram-Kelvin
Thermal Energy:
Specific Heat: The amount of energy
required to raise 1 g of a material by 1
C.
Measured in joules per kilogram-Kelvin
J/(kg*C)
Thermal Energy:
Common specific heats:
Aluminum: 903 J/(kg*C)
Copper 385
Glass 837
Ice 2,060
Iron 450
Sand 800
Water 4,180
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Conduction: The transfer of heat
without the movement of matter.
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Conduction: The transfer of heat
without the movement of matter.
A metal spoon in a pan of hot water
(the spoon gets hot over time).
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Convection: The transfer of heat
by the movement of currents
within a fluid.
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Convection: The transfer of heat
by the movement of currents
within a fluid.
Water heating up in a pot on the
stove (you can see the water
moving).
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Convection: The transfer of heat
by the movement of currents
within a fluid.
Water heating up in a pot on the
stove (you can see the water
moving).
Remember convection currents?!?!
 Convection current:

Cool !!!
Molecules:

Cooling

Heating
Off

Up
The circular flow is due to the
heating and cooling of HOT !!!
molecules which changes their
density.
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Radiation: The transfer of energy
by electromagnetic waves.
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Radiation: The transfer of energy
by electromagnetic waves.
A fireplace warming a room.
Heat Transfer:

Heat is transferred by three

different methods.
Radiation: The transfer of energy
by electromagnetic waves.
A fireplace warming a room.
Does not require matter to transfer
thermal energy (the sun).
Heat Transfer:

Heat flow:
Heat Transfer:

Heat flow:
Heat transfer goes in one
direction.
Heat Transfer:

Heat flow:
Heat transfer goes in one
direction.
Heatleaves the warmer object and
goes to the cooler object.
Heat Transfer:

Heat flow:
Heat transfer goes in one
direction.
Heat leaves the warmer object and
goes to the cooler object.
This will continue until the two
objects have the same temperature.
Heat Transfer:
Conductors:
Heat Transfer:
Conductors: A material that transfers
thermal energy well, partially because its
atoms or molecules are close together.
Heat Transfer:
Conductors: A material that transfers
thermal energy well, partially because its
atoms or molecules are close together.
Silver

Stainless steel

tile
Heat Transfer:
Conductors: A material that transfers
thermal energy well, partially because its
atoms or molecules are close together.
Silver

Stainless steel

tile

Insulators:
Heat Transfer:
Conductors: A material that transfers
thermal energy well, partially because its
atoms or molecules are close together.
Silver

Stainless steel

tile

Insulators: A material that does not

transfer thermal energy very well, partially
because its atoms or molecules are not
closely packed together.
Heat Transfer:
Conductors: A material that transfers thermal
energy well, partially because its atoms or
molecules are close together.
Silver

Stainless steel

tile

Insulators: A material that does not transfer

thermal energy very well, partially because its atoms
or molecules are not closely packed together.
Wood
Wool
Paper
Atmospheric gases
Thermal Expansion:

Does matter matter with

thermal energy?
Matter:
What is matter?
Matter:
What is matter?
Has mass
Matter:
What is matter?
Has mass
Takes up space (has volume)
Matter:
The three states of matter:
Matter:
The three states of matter:
Solids
Has a fixed shape
Has a fixed volume
Matter:
The three states of matter:
Solids
Has a fixed shape
Has a fixed volume

Liquids
Has a shape that can change
Has a fixed volume
 Matter:
The three states of matter:
Solids
Has a fixed shape
Has a fixed volume

Liquids
Has a shape that can change
Has a fixed volume

Gases
Has a shape that can change.
Has a volume that can change.
 Matter:
Dont write this down!!!!!!!
 Matter:
Dont write this down!!!!!!!
The fourth state of matter is
plasma.
 Matter:
Dont write this down!!!!!!!
The fourth state of matter is
plasma.
Plasma is the highest energy state of
matter (moving super fast).
 Matter:
Dont write this down!!!!!!!
The fourth state of matter is
plasma.
Plasma is the highest energy state of
matter (moving super fast).
Very, very, very, very, very hot!!!
 Matter:
Dont write this down!!!!!!!
The fourth state of matter is
plasma.
Plasma is the highest energy state of
matter (moving super fast).
Very, very, very, very, very hot!!!

Found in places like our sun.

 Matter:
Dont write this down!!!!!!!
The fourth state of matter is
plasma.
Plasma is the highest energy state of
matter (moving super fast).
Very, very, very, very, very hot!!!

Found in places like our sun.

Not always considered a state of

matter.
 Matter:
Changes in states of matter:
 Matter:
Changes in states of matter:
Matter can change from any state to
any other state by adding energy.
 Matter:
Changes in states of matter:
Matter can change from any state to
any other state by adding energy.
The temperature does not change
until the change of state is
complete.
Thermal Expansion:
When an object is heated it
usually responds to the heat.
Thermal Expansion:
When an object is heated it
usually responds to the heat.
One response is for the particles
of the object to move faster and
spread out (increasing volume).
Thermal Expansion:
When an object is heated it
usually responds to the heat.
One response is for the particles
of the object to move faster and
spread out (increasing volume).
This causes the object to expand
and is called thermal expansion.
Thermal Expansion
examples:
When thermometers are exposed
to warmer temperatures.
Thermal Expansion
examples:
When thermometers are exposed
to warmer temperatures.
Thermostats in your home.
Thermal Expansion
examples:
When thermometers are exposed
to warmer temperatures.
Thermostats in your home.
Sidewalks
Thermal Expansion
examples:
When thermometers are exposed
to warmer temperatures.
Thermostats in your home.
Sidewalks
Bridges
Thermal Expansion
examples:
When thermometers are exposed
to warmer temperatures.
Thermostats in your home.
Sidewalks
Bridges
Jars (pickles, jelly, etc)
Thermal Expansion:
Contraction:
Thermal Expansion:
Contraction:
1. The heat source gets removed.
Thermal Expansion:
Contraction:
1. The heat source gets removed.
2. The particles move less and take
up less space.
Thermal Expansion:
Contraction:
1. The heat source gets removed.
2. The particles move less and take
up less space.
3. The size of the object decreases.