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HYDROLOGY
is the scientific study of the waters of the
earth including their occurrence,
distribution in space and time, and their
relation to people and the natural
environments.
is a branch of geophysics which has the
objective of measuring and
understanding the physical and chemical
processes which control the movement of
water through the water cycle.
Hydrologic cycle or
Water cycle
is a process of continuous
circulation of water
between the oceans,
atmosphere, biosphere,
and the soils and rocks of
the geosphere.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
PROCESSES:
1. Evaporation is a gradual process in
which something is changed from liquid
to gas
2. Condensation is a process by which
vapor lose heat and changes into a liquid
3. Precipitation rain, snow, or hail, all of
which are formed by condensation of
moisture in the atmosphere and fall to
the ground
PROCESSES:
4. Percolation - to make a liquid or gas
pass through a porous substance
5. Runoff water not absorbed by the soil
and flows into surface waters
6. Infiltration movement of water through
the soil surface into the soil
7. Sublimation - a chemical process in
which a solid substance is converted
into a gas directly, without passing
through an intermediate liquid phase
PROCESSES:
8. Transpiration - biological process in
which water evaporates from a plant,
especially through tiny openings called
stomata on the surfaces of leaves.
9. Advection - the horizontal transfer of a
property such as heat, caused by air
movement
10. Groundwater flow movement of water
underneath the soil surface from higher
to lower elevation or pressure
Precipitation
The formation of precipitation begins with the
condensation of water vapor to form clouds
when the air is cooled to its dew point by:
mixing with colder air (frontal precipitation)
ascending due to atmospheric instability
(convective precipitation), or
being forced to rise due to air movement
over high ground (orographic precipitation).
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION
Drizzle or mist Snow
Rain Snow pellets
Glaze Hail
Rime Ice pellets
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
Convective precipitation is brought about
by heating of the air at the interface of the
ground and is typical of the tropics.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
Orographic precipitation results from the
mechanical lifting of moist horizontal air
currents over natural barriers such as
mountain ranges.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
Frontal / Cyclonic precipitation is
associated with the movement of air masses
from high pressure regions to low pressure
regions created by the unequal heating of
the earths surface.
MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION
Flooded Crop
Types of Evapotranspiration
2. Actual evapotranspiration (AET)
refers to the amount of water actually
evapotranspired from a soil-water-plant
system where water supply is limiting
(usually below field capacity)
Non-flooded Crop
Factors affecting evapotranspiration
1. Weather parameters
(radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind
speed)
2. Crop characteristics (crop type, variety, and
development stage).
3. Cultural management and
environmental factors
Soil salinity, soil fertility and soil management, soil
moisture content, soil water holding capacity,
cultivation practices, use of mulches and types of
irrigation will significantly affect the ETo.
Methods of Determining
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Etp = Ct (T Tx) Rs
where: Ct = a temperature coefficient = 0.025
T = temperature in C
Tx = the intercept on the temperature axis = -3
Rs = incident solar radiation in langleys/day
INFILTRATION is the flow of water into
the ground through the earths
surface.
SEEPAGE (S) is a lateral subsurface
movement of water within the soil
profile.
PERCOLATION (P) is a vertical
subsurface movement of water.
Water surface
ge
a
Soil
ep
Se
surface
Deep percolation
Factors Affecting Seepage
and Percolation
Soil Type
Flat Land
Overland flow
Groundwater flow
Oceans
Rivers
GROUNDWATER
Rainfall
Relative Humidity
Sunshine
Air Temperature
Air Pressure
Wind velocity
Cloud cover
Rainfall
Campbell-Stokes
sunshine recorder
Air Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the level of
sensible heat (temperature measured by a
thermometer) of matter, whether it is gaseous
(air), liquid (water), or solid (rock or dry soil).
Air temperature is the intensity aspect of
sun's energy that strikes the earth's surface.
Thermometers
Air Pressure
Air pressure or Atmospheric pressure is the
weight of tiny particles of air (air molecules).
Aneroid barometer
Wind
Winds begin with differences in
air pressures.
Pressure that is higher at one
place than another sets up a
force pushing from the high
toward the low pressure.
The greater the difference in
pressures, the stronger will be Anemometer
the wind force.
Wind velocity includes both
wind speed and wind direction.
Clouds
Clouds are suspended water in the
atmosphere.
How clouds are formed?
When air rises, it expands and gets colder.
The colder air cannot hold as much water as
warmer air.
As the temperature and air pressure continue
to drop, tiny water droplets group together into
clumps called cloud droplets.
At this point, the parcel of air becomes as
visible cloud.
Types of Clouds
1. Cirrus this form embraces very high, thin,
separated, or detached clouds that develop
delicate patches or long extended fibers,
frequently with a feathery appearance and
always white in color.
Types of Clouds
2. Cumulus this form always exhibits flat-
based individual cloud masses, with a
pronounced vertical doming, and frequently
a cauliflower-like structure.
Types of Clouds
3. Stratus this implies an extended sheet or
layerlike cloud covering all or large portions
of the sky. It is usually a continuous cloud
deck and may show minor rifts, but no
definite individual cloud units.
Types of Clouds
I + Rn = ET + P + S + SD + CWS
ET = Evapotranspiration (outflow; beneficial use)
P = Deep percolation (outflow, unproductive water loss)
S = Net seepage (outflow; unproductive water loss)
SD = Surface drainage (outflow; unproductive water loss)
CWS = Change in water status (residual water in the rice
field)
I = Irrigation supply (inflow)
Rn = Rainfall (inflow)