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OPERATING, REACTIVE
AND BLACK START
RESERVES
Asko Vuorinen
1
Operating reserves
2
Purpose of operating
reserves
Ensure power supply during
disturbances and unnormal conditions
3
Classification of operating
reserves
Spinning reserves
Synchronised reserves
Non-spinning reserve
Unsynchronised reserves
Supplemental reserves
30 60 minute reserves
Slow reserves
1 12 hours reserves
4
Spinning reserves
5
Spinning reserve
Generation
6
Spinning reserves
Continued
Spinning reserves = rotating reserves
act immetiately by the rotating mass
of the generator
7
Non-spinning reserves
8
Non-spinning reserves,
full power in
1 - 5 minutes Diesel engines and
hydro turbines
5 - 10 minutes Gas engines and
aero-derivative GT
10 - 15 minutes Industrial gas
turbines
60 - 120 minutes Gast turbine
combined cycles
2 - 12 hours Steam turbine
plants
9
Dimensioning of spining and
non-spinning reserves
10
Wind power forecasting
errors and need for reserves
11
Maximim error is 28% from the installed wind capacity
Power plant alternatives for
non-spinning reserves
12
How to compensate 800
MW drop of wind power
13
Supplemental reserves
Dimensioning criteria
P > x second contingency
14
Supplemental reserves
15
Slow reserves
Purpose
Shall generate power during unnormal
peak load conditions
16
Slow reserves, continued
17
Reactive reserves
18
Purpose of reactive reserves
19
Single line diagram of a
power line
X
Ua Ub
C/2 C/2
Ua Ub
P = --------- sin
X
Ua Ub Ub2
Q = P tan = -------- cos - ------
X X
21
Maximum capacity of power
line (=stability limit)
If = 90o, sin = 1
Then P = Pmax
22
Reactive power generation
Excitation
generator Generator
G G
AVR
23
Reactive power generation,
continued
Generator voltage control system
(AVR) increases excitation current in
rotor
Generator voltage will rise and
reactive power will be generated
24
Reactive power generation
P
B
C
D
E
Q
25
Reactive reserve generation
26
Apparent power (S)
S = (P2 + Q2)
where
P = resistive power (MW)
Q = reactive power (MVar)
27
Recommendations
28
Black start reserves
29
Black start reserves
Purpose
To energize power system after
blackout
To generate power for local needs
when the power system is out of
operation
30
Black start reserves
Energize power lines
Ua X
Ub
G C/2 C/2
Bottom up
Start local generators first and
energize local power lines
Top down
Use power lines to energize local
generators
32
Starting of emergency
motors
Xd Xk Xm
E dUG dUM
33
Black start generators
Gas turbines
Started by diesel engines
34
For details see reference text book
Planning of Optimal Power Systems
Author:
Asko Vuorinen
Publisher:
Ekoenergo Oy
Printed:
2008 in Finland
www.optimalpowersystems.com 35