Communication System

Engineering.
Switching Modulator

Fig. 1
 Switching Modulator (Contd.)

1. Assume that the Carrier has large amplitude

2. The diodes acts as ideal switch

i.e. The diode presents zero impedance for
c(t) >0
We can approximate the diode resistor
combination by piecewise linear characteristics
as Fig. 2
Switching Modulator (Contd.)

Fig. 2
Switching Modulator (Contd.)
 Switching Modulator (Contd.)

Hence we may write

where
 Switching Modulator (Contd.)

The Component:

is the desired component.

This component can be achieved by passing
the output of the diode through a BPF.
 Square law Detector

where

Expanding
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
Double side-band suppressed carrier (DSBSC)

1. Only Upper and lower side band is transmitted

2. Carrier is suppressed
Advantage
Requires less power
Disadvantage
Receiver complexity is more and hence
expensive
Application
Suitable for point-to point communication
DSBSC (Contd.)
DSBSC (Contd.)
DSBSC (Contd.)
Double side-band suppressed carrier
(Contd.)

Generation:
1. Balanced modulator
2. Ring modulator
Balanced modulator

Fig. 1
Ring modulator

Fig.2
Ring modulator
Coherent detection of DSBSC
Coherent detection of DSBSC (Contd.)

The output of the Product modulator

Coherent detection of DSBSC (Contd.)
Coherent detection of DSBSC (Contd.)

The output of the low pass filter

Single sideband modulation
 SSB(Contd.)

Time domain description of an SSB wave:

elsewhere

elsewhere
SSB(Contd.)
 SSB(Contd.)

or
 SSB(Contd.)

Hence
 SSB(Contd.)
Generation of SSB wave:

1.Frequency discrimination method

2.Phase discrimination method
 SSB(Contd.)
Frequency discrimination method

Block diagram of frequency discrimination method

 SSB(Contd.)
Phase discrimination method

Block diagram of frequency discrimination method

SSB Demodulation (Coherent Detection)
Vestigial Side band (VSB)
Vestigial Side band (VSB)
VSB Generation
VSB Filter
 VSB Filter
1. The Frequency response is normalized so that
at fc ,
2. The cut-off portion of the frequency response
around the carrier frequency fc exhibits odd
symmetry.

3. Inside the transition interval:

the following conditions should be satisfied
 VSB Filter

(i) The sum of the values of the magnitude

response | H(f)| at any two frequencies equally
displaced above and below fc is unity.

(ii) The phase response arg(H(f)) is linear. i.e.

 VSB Filter

The Transmission Bandwidth of VSB signal is:

Where W is the message bandwidth.

The spectrum S(f) of the resulting VSB wave
s(t) is:
. (1)
 VSB Filter
The specification of the transfer function of
the VSB filter can be determined as follows:
Use coherent detector that provide an
undistorted version of original signal.
 VSB Filter

(2)
(3)

or

(4)
 VSB Filter
The LPF will remove the second term of
Hence the output will be:
(5)
For distortionless reproduction of the original
should be scaled version of
This means, that the transfer function
must satisfy the condition
(6)
VSB Filter
 VSB
Now we can use the general equation of the
band-pass signal:

If then
or
 VSB

Therefore, the equation of VSB signal is:

VSB
 Angle Modulation
Angle of the carrier wave is varied. The
angle of the carrier wave is function of
message signal.
Let denotes the angle of the modulated
carrier
is a function of message signal.
The angle modulated wave is represented
as
Angle Modulation
 Angle Modulation
Two Angle modulations:

Phase modulation
Frequency modulation
 Phase Modulation

For phase modulation

Hence the expression for phase modulation

 Frequency Modulation

For Frequency modulation

Hence

The expression of FM wave is

Angle modulated wave

Modulating signal

Phase modulated wave

Frequency modulated wave

PM & FM
Single tone FM
Single tone FM
Single tone FM
 Narrowband FM

and
Wideband FM
Wideband FM
 Wideband FM

n even

Now
 Wideband FM
Plot of Bessel Function:

Fixed argument n, variable order

 Wideband FM
Plot of Bessel Function:

Fixed argument , variable order n

Wideband FM
Wideband FM
Transmission Band-width
Transmission Band-width
 F.M Generation

1.Indirect method of FM Generation

2.Direct method of FM Generation
 F.M Generation (Contd.)
Indirect method of FM Generation
 F.M Generation (Contd.)

The input to the frequency multiplier is:

 F.M Generation (Contd.)

After band-pass filtering the new FM wave is:

 F.M Generation (Contd.)
1. Direct method of FM Generation
 F.M Generation (Contd.)

The instantaneous frequency of oscillation of

the Hartley oscillator:

Assuming that the modulating wave is a

sinusoidal wave of frequency
 F.M Generation (Contd.)

= Total capacitance in absence of

modulation,
is the maximum change.
Hence

where
 F.M Generation (Contd.)

We can approximate the above equation as,

By defining,

This is the desired relation for instantaneous

frequency of an FM wave
 F.M Generation (Contd.)

In order to generate wideband FM wave with

required frequency deviation, we may use the
following configuration:
Frequency Frequency Band-
VCO Multiplier Mixer Multiplier pass
filter Wideband
FM wave

Fixed
Oscillator
 F.M Demodulation
There are many FM detectors most of
them are based on
FM to AM conversion
Phase shift or quadrature detection
Zero crossing detection
Phase-locked-loop based
 F.M Demodulation (Contd.)

FM to AM conversion
It is basically slope detector followed by an
envelope detector

Band-pass Envelope
Differentiator
filter detector

where
 F.M Demodulation (Contd.)

where

The output of the envelope detector is the

magnitude of the complex envelope of .
 F.M Demodulation (Contd.)

The complex envelope of is

or
 F.M Demodulation (Contd.)
The differentiation operation can be done by
any device that acts like frequency-to-
amplitude converter. A single tuned resonant
circuit can be used for this purpose. The
magnitude transfer function of that circuit can
be given as,

Over the linear portion of the characteristics.

and are the constants.
F.M Demodulation (Contd.)
F.M Demodulation (Contd.)
 F.M Demodulation (Contd.)
Balanced discriminator:
Two tuned circuits are used to balance out the
dc when the input frequency is and extend the
linear portion of the frequency-to-amplitude
characteristics.
Balanced discriminator
Balanced discriminator
 Phase locked loop (PLL)
Three major components of PLL:
A multiplier,
A loop filter,
Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
 Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

Initially the VCO is adjusted so that when the

control voltage is zero, two conditions are
satisfied.
The frequency of the VCO is precisely set at
the unmodulated carrier frequency .
The VCO output has a phase-shift w.r.t the
unmodulated carrier wave
 Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

The input signal applied to the Phase locked

loop is an FM signal i.e.

where
 Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

The VCO output of the phase-locked loop is

where
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

Linearized model of Phase-locked loop

 Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

Simplified model when the loop gain is very large compared

to unity
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
 Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

Where is the open loop transfer

function of the PLL.
If then
and the phase of the VCO is asymptotically
equal to the phase of the incoming signal and
so phase-locked condition is established.
 Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)

Now,

or

or

for
Phase-locked Loop (Contd.)
Sampling Theory; Pulse modulation

Sampling theory:
Pulse analog modulation
Pulse analog modulation
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation

Now,
 Pulse analog modulation
The frequency of the ideally sampled signal is
given figure below:
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation
For
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation
Statement of sampling theory:
If a signal contains no frequency for , it is
completely described by the instantaneous sample
values uniformly spaced in time with period .
If a signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate
and the sample values are represented as
weighted impulses, the signal can be exactly
reconstructed from its samples by an ideal low-pass
filter of bandwidth, where
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation

We Know that
 Pulse analog modulation

Practical Reconstruction filter:

 Pulse analog modulation

We can use first order hold (FOH) which

performs a linear interpolation using

ZOH FOH
 Pulse analog modulation

In

:
 Pulse analog modulation
Popular method of Pulse amplitude modulation

connected
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation

Taking Fourier transform on both sides

Pulse analog modulation
Pulse analog modulation

Aperture
Pulse analog modulation
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation

1.
2.

The
Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation

Technique for generating naturally sampled PTM signal

Pulse analog modulation
 Pulse analog modulation
Detection of PWM and PPM signals:
Pulse analog modulation