Plagiarism

Plagiarism includes
Quoting directly from any source of
material without appropriately citing the
source and identifying the quoted material
Knowingly citing an incorrect source
Using ideas (other than information that is
common knowledge) from any source of
material without citing the source
Accidental plagiarism: no such
thing
Information can come from:
Information may include art, graphics, computer
programs, music, and other creative expression. The
work may consist of writing, charts, pictures, graphs,
diagrams, data, websites, or other communication or
recording media.

Sources may include books, magazines, newspapers,

websites, plays, movies, photographs, paintings, and
textbooks, class lectures or notes, handouts, speeches,
other students papers, or material from a research
service.
Quoting
A quotation is the use of your source's
exact words in your work.
A quotation may be as short as one word
but, if that word is significant, it must be
put in quotation marks and referenced
From the AIT Learning Center:
Quotations should include the exact
words of your source inside quotation
marks, e.g. "Everything we do is an
experience of a kind" (Kenny 1996: 45).
Changes that can be made to a
quotation
1. Leaving out a word or words:
use three dots (except if the quoted sentence
comes to an end, in which case you use three
plus a full stop, i.e. four).
Also, there is no need to use en ellipsis ( . . . ) at
the beginning and end of each quotation.
ORIGINAL: In many academic circles in America,
literary translation is still considered a secondary
activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither
worthy of serious critical attention nor of general
interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).

SHORTENED: "In many academic circles in

America, literary translation is still considered a
secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious
critical attention nor of general interest to the
public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
2. making small alterations/clarifications:
ORIGINAL
Raymond (1996) argues that, "The people
never knew what good food was" (p.245).
ALTERED
Raymond argues that "[t]he people [in
England] never knew what good food was"
(1996: 245).
Here the writer clarifies who "The people" are,
and changes capital T to small to fit the writer's
sentence structure.
 Quotations should be included in your
sentence.
INCORRECT
"Everything we do is an experience of a kind"
(Kenny 1996: 45).
CORRECT
It can be argued that "[e]verything we do is an
experience of a kind" (Kenny 1996: 45). Here
the writer has included Kenny's quotation in
his/her own sentence
 Quotations must be indicated with quotation
marks (" . . .") unless you are using a long
quotation, in which case it should be set in an
indented block
sampled:
This is a long quotation and so is not shown by
quotation marks but by being set in a block that is
indented and usually single-spaced. The exact style
of indentation (e.g. indented on one side or both,
indented by three or five spaces) will depend on the
style you are using in your work (e.g. APA, CBE, etc.)
(Brightwell, 1998)
 Quotations should be kept short and
kept to a minimum (i.e. only use
quotations when the words themselves are
important).
Refer to adobe handout
Paraphrasing
Even when you paraphrase to restate the
information, ideas or meaning of another
person in your own words you need to give
credit to the original author.

Just because you used your own words does

not mean the idea is original to you. If the idea
is not your own, cite the source of the idea.
Sample:
Original
"This has led to the conclusion that, out
of the US population at large, 90% watch
television to excess" (Wu, 1994).
Paraphrased
In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu
argues that 90% of Americans watch too
much television (1994).
 Paraphrasing must include page references.
This is necessary, as you are claiming that the
quote you are reproducing is authoritative; the
reader needs to be able to check the exact point
in the text to which you refer.
Paraphrasing is more generally used than
quoting as it enables you to comment on,
evaluate and summarize information;
Paraphrasing can be used with quotations
(i.e. you can quote within a paraphrase);
 Paraphrasing must always be
referenced (because you are using
someone else's ideas or information);
Paraphrasing is never enclosed by
quotation marks or indentation;
Paraphrasing does not mean a word-
for-word rewrite of the original (usually
you are summarizing your source or
highlighting one or more points).
Do I paraphrase or quote?
Paraphrase or Quote?
In research papers, you should quote
from a source
to show that an authority supports your point
to present a position or argument to critique or
comment on
to include especially moving or historically
significant language
to present a particularly well-stated passage
whose meaning would be lost or changed if
paraphrased or summarized
Paraphrase or Quote?
You should summarize or paraphrase
when
what you want from the source is the idea
expressed, and not the specific language
used to express it
you can express in fewer words what the key
point of a source is
Guidelines for avoiding plagiarism

USE YOUR OWN WORDS AND IDEAS:

GIVE CREDIT FOR COPIED, ADAPTED,
OR PARAPHRASED MATERIAL
AVOID USING OTHERS WORK WITH
MINOR COSMETIC CHANGES.
WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE.
Some Examples of Successful
& Unsuccessful Paraphrases
Available:
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/QP
A_paraphrase.html
Overview: APA Referencing
Style
What is Referencing?
A reference is required if you:
paraphrase (use their idea in your own words)
summarise (use a brief account of their ideas)
quote (use someone elses exact words)
copy (use their figures, tables or structure)
Plagiarism
The importance of Referencing
Demonstrate the depth and breadth of the
research
Strengthen arguments
Identify the source of information
Allows others to review your sources
Data verification
American Psychological Association
(APA) Referencing Style
In-text Citation
Authors last names / title of work
Date of publication
Page numbers where applicable
Reference List Entry
Examples
IN-TEXT CITATION
Rumbaugh (1995) reported that "Kanzi's
comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of
request was very comparable to Alia's; both complied
with requests without assistance on approximately
70% of the sentences" (p. 722).

ENTRY IN THE LIST OF REFERENCES

Rumbaugh, D. (1995). Primate language and
cognition: Common ground. Social Research, 62,
711-730.
Basic Format for a Quotation
Hart (1996) wrote that some primatologists
"wondered if apes had learned Language,
with a capital L" (p. 109).
Basic Format for a Paraphrase
According to Hart (1996), researchers took
Terrace's conclusions seriously, and
funding for language experiments soon
declined (p. 110).
Work with two authors
Greenfield and Savage-Rumbaugh (1990) have
acknowledged that Kanzi's linguistic
development was slower than that of a human
child (p. 567).
OR
Kanzi's linguistic development was slower than
that of a human child (Greenfield & Savage-
Rumbaugh, 1990, p. 567).
Work with more than 2 authors
Identify all authors the first time you cite
The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers
who trained him in American Sign Language by
molding and guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto,
Sanders, & Bever, 1979, p. 891).
Nim was able to string together as many as 16
signs, but their order appeared quite random
(Terrace et al., 1979, p. 895).
Unknown Author
If the author is unknown, mention the work's
title in the signal phrase or give the first word or
two of the title in the parenthetical citation. Titles
of articles and chapters are put in quotation
marks; titles of books and reports are italicized.
An international team of researchers has concluded
that many of the differing behaviors are cultural, not
just responses to varying environmental factors
("Chimps," 1999).
Organization as Author
If the organization has a familiar abbreviation,
you may include it in brackets the first time you
cite the source and use the abbreviation alone
in later citations.
FIRST CITATION
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH],
2001)
LATER CITATIONS
(NIMH, 2001)
Two or more works in the same
parentheses
When your parenthetical citation names two or
more works, put them in the same order that
they appear in the reference list, separated by
semicolons.

Researchers argued that the apes in the early

language experiments were merely responding
to cues (Sebeok & Umiker-Sebeok, 1979;
Terrace, 1979).
Unknown Date
When the date is unknown, APA
recommends using the abbreviation "n.d."
(for "no date").
Attempts to return sign-language-using
apes to the wild have had mixed results
(Smith, n.d.)
Reference List
Pls refer to any document on APA
referencing style
Example:
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/social_sciences/
listref.html
Choosing your supervisor
Will the professor be available?
Do the professor's style, personality and
standards fit with, or complement, your
own?
Does the professor have a proven track
record?