AEAS207: Thermodynamics

3.00 Credit Hours

 Syllabus
1. Fundamental concepts;
2. Properties of gases and vapours;
3. Laws of thermodynamics and their corollaries.
4. Non-flow and flow processes;
5. Ideal gases and their cycles.
6. Power cycles, refrigeration cycles and reciprocating compressors.
7. Second law of thermodynamics: availability, irreversibility and
entropy.
8. Thermodynamic relations and equations of state.
9. Mixtures of gases and vapours;
10. Psychrometries;
11. Real gases;
12. Fuels and combustion.
 Lecture Plan
1. Fundamental concepts
2. Properties of gases, vapour, real gases, equation of states
3. First Law of Thermodynamics
4. Second Law of Thermodynamics
5. Non-flow & Flow-processes
6. Availability, Inrreversibility & Entropy
7. Power cycles, refrigeration cycles & R/C compressors
8. Thermodynamic relations
9. Mixtures of gases and vapours; Psychrometries;
10. Fuels and combustion
 Books
1. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by Sonntag, R.E.,
Borgnakke, C. & Van Wylen, G.
2. Modern Engineering Thermodynamics by Balmer, R.T.
3. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Cengel, YA
& Boles, M.A.
4. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by Moran,
M.J. & Saprio, H.N.
5. Thermodynamics by Wark, K. & Richards, D.E.
6. Heat and Thermodynamics by Zemansky, MW & Dittman,
H.
7. Thermodynamics by P K Nag
 Thermodynamics
The word thermodynamics comes from the Greek
word therme, meaning heat and dynamis, meaning
power.
The term thermodynamics may be loosely interpreted
as heat motion or may be termed as heat transfer.

Thermodynamics is the science that studies the

conversion of energy from one form to another.
 Quotations
Gilbert Lewis & Merle Randall
The fascination of a growing science lies in the work of the
pioneers at the very borderland of the unknown, but to reach
this frontier one must pass over well travelled roads; of these
one of the safest and surest is the broad highway of
thermodynamics.
 Quotations

Arnold Sommerfeld
Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go
through it, you dont understand it at all. The second time you
go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or
two small points. The third time you go through it, you know
you dont understand it, but by that time you are so used to
it, it doesnt bother you any more.
 Quotations
Albert Einstein

A theory is more impressive the greater the simplicity of

its premises, the more different kinds of things it relates,
and the more extended its area of applicability.
Therefore the deep impression that classical
thermodynamics made upon me. It is the only physical
theory of universal content which I am convinced will
never be overthrown, within the framework of
applicability of its basic concepts
 Application of Thermodynamics
Mechanical engineers study the energy conversion in systems
such as automotive engines, power generation, turbines, heat
exchangers, air conditioners, refrigerators, nozzles, and
diffusers.

Electrical engineers deal with electronic cooling problems,

and power generation and fuel cells.

Civil engineers deal with energy utilization in construction

methods, solid waste disposal, geothermal power generation,
transportation systems, and environmental impact analysis.
 Application of Thermodynamics
Materials engineers develop new energy-efficient
metallurgical compounds, create high-temperature materials
for engines, and utilize the unique properties of
nanotechnology.
Industrial engineers minimize energy consumption in
manufacturing processes, develop energy management
methods, and improve workplace safety.
Biomedical engineers develop energy conversion systems for
the health care industry, design new diagnostic and treatment
tools, and study the energy flows in living systems.
Aerospace engineers develop energy management systems
for air and space vehicles, space stations, and planetary
habitation.
BASIC CONCEPT
 Thermodynamic System
A thermodynamic system is simply any object, quantity
of matter, or region of space that has been selected for
study.

Everything that is not part of

the system is referred to as the
surroundings.

Boundary or control surface

separates the system from its
surroundings
 Types of Boundary
may be real or imaginary,
at rest or in motion
may change its shape
and size
neither contains matter
nor occupies volume
has zero thickness and a
property value at a point on
the boundary is shared by
both the system and the
surroundings.
may change its shape and size
 Types of Systems

There are three classes of systems:

1. Closed system
2. Open system
3. Isolated system
 Closed Systems or Control Mass
Closed system:. Heat &
work may cross the system
boundary, but the system
contains the same amount
of matter at all times.

Control surface: that is

closed to mass flow, so that
no mass can escape or
enter the control volume, it
is called a Control Mass
(CM)
 Open System or Control Volume
Open system:. When there is flow
of mass through control surface, the
system is called a Control Volume
(CV) or Open system. Example: Air
compressor where focus is on certain
volume inside compressor (CV)
 Adiabatic or Isolated Systems
An Adiabatic system is one in
which the boundary is
impermeable to heat.
 State & Property
Property: Every system has some characteristics by
which its physical condition may be described e.g.
pressure, temperature, volume, etc. These characteristics
are called properties of the system. A property is a
quantity whose numerical value depends on the state but
not on the history of the system.

State : The condition of a system at any instant of time

is called its state. Properties are the coordinates to define
the state of a system, they are state variables of a system.
 Intensive & Extensive Properties
1. Intensive properties: are independent of the size
or extent or mass of the system, e.g. Pressure,
temperature, etc.
2. Extensive properties: depend on the size or extent
or mass of the system., e.g. volume, energy, etc.
An extensive property is additive in the sense that
its value for the whole system is the sum of the
values for its parts
 Process & Cycle
Any operation in which one or more of the properties of
a system changes is called a change of state.
Succession of states during a change in state is called
path.

A thermodynamic process is the succession of

thermodynamic states that a system passes through as
it goes from an initial state to a final state. When a path
is completely specified the change of state is called
process. Example: constant pressure process.
 Process & Cycle

A system process is said to go through a thermodynamic

A

cycle when the final state of the process is the same as the
initial state of the process.
A cycle goes through a series of state changes.
 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the following
stringent requirements:
1 Mechanical Equilibrium: no unbalance forces acting on any
part of the system or the system as a whole.

2 Thermal Equilibrium: no temperature differences between

parts of the system or between the system and the
surrounding.

3 Chemical Equilibrium: no chemical reactions within the

system and no motion of any chemical species from one
part to another part of the system.
 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Once the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium & the
surroundings are kept unchanged, no motion will take place &
no work will be done.

During a quasi-static (very slow) process, the system is at all

time infinitesimally near a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1. Any property has a fixed value in a given equilibrium state,
regardless of how the system arrives at the state.

2. Two states are identical if, and only if, the properties of
the two states are identical.

3. The change in the value of the property that occurs when

a system is altered from equilibrium state to another is
always the same, regardless of the process used to bring
about the change.
 Thermodynamic Equilibrium

1. State functions: All properties are state functions.

2. Process or Path functions: quantities whose values
depend on the path of the process (during transition from
initial to final state). Two most common example s are
Heat and Work.
 Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Zeroth Law: Two systems
with thermal equilibrium
with a third are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

When two bodies at

different temp are brought
into contact, after sometime
they attain a common temp
and then said to exist in
thermal equilibrium.
 Laws of Thermodynamics
1. 1st Law:
a. Conservation of Energy for a Closed System (total
energy of a isolated system remains const, energy
can be transformed from one form to another but
cant be created or destroyed)
b. When a system undergoes a cyclic change, the net
heat to or from the system is equal to the net work
from or to the system.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
 1st Law of Thermodynamics
1. The physical significance of the property E is that it
represents all the energy of the system in the given state.
This energy might be present in a variety of forms, such
as:
1. Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of a system associated with
motion.
2. Potential Energy (PE): energy associated with a mass
that is located at a specified position in a force field.
3. Internal Energy (U): some forms of energy, e.g.,
chemical, nuclear, magnetic, electrical, and thermal
depend in some way on the molecular structure of the
substance that is being considered, and these energies
are grouped as the internal energy of a system, U.
 1st Law of Thermodynamics
1. KE & PE are external forms of energy as these are
independent of the molecular structure of matter.
These are associated with the coordinate frame that we
select and can be specified by the macroscopic
parameters of mass, velocity & elevation.
2. Internal energy, like kinetic and potential energy, has no
natural zero value. Therefore, it is necessary to
arbitrarily define the specific internal energy of a
substance to be zero at some state that is referred to as
the reference state.