Medan Listrik Statis I

(Hk.Couloumb, Hk. Gauss,

Potensial Listrik)
ELECTROSTATICS - INTRODUCTION
 ELECTRICAL CHARGES

SOURCE of Electrostatic E-Field is CHARGE

Examples of various charge distributions:

1. Point charge - Q (units of Coulomb)

- model individual particle (eg. Electron) or a well-localized

group of charge particles
2. Volume Charge Density - r or rv (units of Coulomb/m3)

- large # of particles - ignore discrete nature to smooth out distribution

Eg. Doped Region of Semiconductor, e-beam in a cathode ray tube

( Beam has finite radius )

 ELECTRICAL CHARGES

Other examples of Charge Distribution..

3. Surface Charge Density - r or rs (units of Coulomb/m2)

Eg. Very thin charge layer on conductor surface

4. Line Charge Density - r or rl (units of Coulomb/m)

- not as physically realizable
Eg. Model for a wire, electron beam from far
 ELECTRICAL CHARGES

Maxwells equation:

D ds r dv More generally,

Q r v dv r s ds
r l dl
Derived from:
or

D r Q Qi
i
 COULOMBS LAW

F (force), between point charges

Q1 Unit vector in r-direction Q1 Q2

F12 a R
a R 4 0 R 2

R Force on Charge 2 by Charge 1

Q2
 COULOMBS LAW - E Field

Q1
E ,of Q1 is a R
4 0 R 2

Unit vector pointing away from Q1

Then,

F12 Q2 E1

- we work with E-Field because Maxwells equations written

in those terms
 E-FIELDS

E , is a VECTOR Field How do we represent it?

- Field points in the direction that a +ve test charge would move

Represent using Arrows : Direction and Length

Proportional to
Point charge Magnitude or strength of
E-Field
 E-FIELDS

Computation of E-fields from multiple charges:

Example: DIPOLE - 2 separated opposite polarity point charges

+Q Apply superposition of Fields

y

Planes of symmetry:
x Horizontal axis: Ex cancels, Ey adds

-Q +Q vector Vertical axis: only Ey component

Resulting vector

-Q
Contoh soal
1. Muatan q = 1uC berada di titik asal.
Tentukanlah medan listrik di titik-titik P1
(1,0,0), P2 (0,1,0), P4(1,1,0), P5 (1,1,1)
?

2. Dua buah muatan yg sama besar

q1=q2= 5nC terletak pada titik2
Q1(0,0,1) dan Q2 (0,0,-1). Tentukan
medan listrik total dititik pengamatan
P(1,1,0) ?
3. Ada empat buah muatan
Q1=Q2=Q3=Q4= 3.10-9 C yg terletak
di titik2 Q1(1,1,0), Q2(-1,1,0), Q3(-1,-
1,0), Q4(1,-1,0). Tentukanlah medan
listrik total di titik P(1,1,1) pada
koordinat cartesius..
E-FIELDS - Some examples
E-FIELDS - Some examples
E-FIELDS - Dipole
 E-FIELDS

How would the DIPOLE field lines change if the charges

were the same polarity?

APPLICATION of SUPERPOSITION

r dv Usually text has many examples

E ar of setting up this integral
40 R 2
In the course we will do some
discrete S cases
ELECTROSTATICS - GAUSS LAW
 MAXWELLS FIRST EQUATION

D r D ds r dv Qencl

Enclosed
Differential Form Integral Form Charge

- dv integral over volume enclosed

by ds integral

D 0E For vacuum and air - think of D and E as

being the same
D vs E depends on materials
constant
 GAUSS LAW - strategy

Do Problem 1

Use Gauss Law to find D and E in symmetric problems

D ds r dv Qencl Get D or E out of integral

Always look at symmetry of the problem - and take

advantage of this
 GAUSS LAW - use of symmetry

Example: A sheet of charge - charges are infinite in extent on

say x,y plane

Arbitrary Point E , is sum due to all charges

P

E , points in a z
all other components cancel
only a function of z (not x or y)
z Surface of
y Can write down:
infinite extent of

E E z ( z ) a z
x charge
 GAUSS LAW

Do Problem 2a

Problem 2b E ds ,is constant.
For example a planar sheet of charge,
where z is constant

Problem 2c To use GAUSS LAW, we need to find a surface

that encloses the volume
GAUSSIAN SURFACE - takes advantage of symmetry

E Er (r ) a r - when r is only a f(r)

E E z ( z ) a z - when r is only a f(z)

 GAUSS LAW

D ds r dv Qencl

Use Gaussian surface to pull this out of integral

Integral now becomes:

D ds r dv Qencl

Usually an easy integral for surfaces

under consideration
 GAUSS LAW

Example of using GAUSS law to find E
Z=a
r0
r
-a < z < a

0 Z > a ; z< -a Z = -a

a slab of charge
By symmetry: E E z ( z ) a z

E From symmetry
If r0 > 0, then
E
Z=0

E z ( z ) E z ( z )
E

E
 GAUSS LAW

First get E
E ds in region |z| < a and
create a surface at
arbitrary z

ds

E ds
Use Gaussian surface with top at z = z and the bottom at -z

Note: Gaussian Surface is NOT a material boundary

 GAUSS LAW

0 E ds r dv
=0, since Eds
Evaluate LHS:

E ds E ds E ds E ds
TOP BOTTOM SIDE

These two integrals are equal

E ds 2 E ds
TOP
 GAUSS LAW

2 E ds 2 E z ds 2 E z r 2
TOP

Key Step: Take E out of the Integral

Computation of enclosed charge

z'
r dv r0 r dz 2 r0 z' r
2 2
z'
 GAUSS LAW

0 E ds r dv

0 2 E z r 2 2 r0 z' r 2
r0
Ez z (drop the prime)
0
 GAUSS LAW

Back to rectangular, slab geometry example..

Need to find E , for |z| > a

Z = z

Z=a

r0
Z = -a

Z = -z
 GAUSS LAW

As before,
E ds 2 E ds 2 E z
r 2
TOP

Computation of enclosed charge

a
r dv r
0 r 2
dz 2 a r 2
r0
a

Note that the z-integration is from -a to a ;

there is NO CHARGE outside |z|>a
 GAUSS LAW

Once again,

0 E ds r dv
For the region outside |z|>a

0 2 Ez r 2 2 a r 2 r 0

r0 a
E a z
0
 GAUSS LAW

E r0 z
0 r0 a
-a
0

r0 a z
a
0
Note: E-field is continuous

Plot of E-field as a function of z for planar example

ELECTROSTATICS - POTENTIALS
 MAXWELLS SECOND EQUATION

Lesson 2.2 looked at Maxwells 1st equation:

D r

D ds r dv

Today, we will use Maxwells 2nd equation:

E 0 Importance of this
equation is that it allows
or the use of Voltage or

E dl 0
Electric Potential
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Work done by a force is given by: F dl

F If vectors are parallel, particle gains

dl energy - Kinetic Energy

If,
F dl 0 Conservative Force
Example : GRAVITY
going DOWN increases KE, decreases PE
F
going UP increases PE, decreases KE
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

If dealing with a conservative force, can use concept of

POTENTIAL ENERGY

For gravity, the potential energy has the form mgz

Define the following integral:

P2
F dl Potential Energy Change
P1
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Since E dl 0 and F q E

We can define:

Potential Energy = q E dl
P2
P1

Also define: Voltage = Potential Energy/Charge

Voltage always needs

V ( P2 ) V ( P1 ) E dl
P2
P1
reference or use
voltage difference
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

Example: Use case of point charge at origin and obtain potential

everywhere from E-field
q
Spherical E a r
Geometry
4 0 r 2

Point charge
at (0,0,0) Integration Path

r dl infinity
Reference:
V=0 at infinity
 POTENTIAL ENERGY

The integral for computing the potential of the point charge is:

r
V (r ) V (r ) E dl
r

r
V (r ) E dr
r

r q q
dr V (r )
r 4 0 r 2
4 0 r
 POTENTIAL ENERGY - problems

Do Problem 1a

Hint for 1a:

R=a

R=b

R=r
Use r=b as the
reference -
Start here and
move away or
inside r<b
region
 POTENTIAL ENERGY - problems

For conservative fields:

E dl 0 ,which implies that:

E ds 0 , for any surface

E 0
From vector calculus:

f 0 ,for any field f Can write: E f

Define: E V
 POTENTIAL SURFACES

Potential is a SCALAR quantity

Graphs are done as Surface Plots or Contour Plots

Example - Parallel Plate Capacitor

+V0/2

+V0 +V0
0
-V0 -V0
E-Field
-V0/2
Potential Surfaces
 E-field from Potential Surfaces

From:

E V
Gradient points in the direction of largest change

Therefore, E-field lines are perpendicular (normal) to

constant V surfaces
(add E-lines to potential plot)

Do problem 2
 Numerical Simulation of Potential

In previous lesson 2.2, problem 3 and today in problem 1,

Given r or Q E-field V
derive derive

Look for techniques so that , given r or Q V

derive
 Numerical Simulation of Potential

For the case of a point charge:

q q
V V ( r )
4 0 r 4 0 r r
Distance from charge

r , is field point where we are measuring/calculating V

r , is location of charge
 Numerical Simulation of Potential

For smooth charge distribution:

r (r ) dv
V (r ) Volume charge distribution
4 0 r r

r (r ) dl
V (r ) Line charge distribution
4 0 r r
 Numerical Simulation of Potential
Problem 3

Setup for Problem 3a and 3b
r (r ) dl
V (r )
Line charge: 4 0 r r

r
r r

origin

r Location of
measurement of V
Line charge distribution
Integrate along charge means dl is dz
 Numerical Simulation of Potential
Problem 3 contd...

Numerical Approximation

Break line charge into 4 segments

l Charge
for each q r l l
segment
Segment

r
length

r r qi
V
4 ch arg es 4 0 r ri

Distance to charge
 Numerical Simulation of Potential
Problem 3 contd...

For Part e.
Get V(r = 0.1) and V(r = 0.11)

V V
Use: E V a r a r
r r

So..use 2 points to get V and r

V is a SCALAR field and easier to work with

In many cases, easiest way to get E-field is

to first find V and then use,
E V