Pulse Propagation in

Single-Mode Fibers
Part 1
 Pulse propagation 1

input x, y, z 0, t F x, y g t exp i 0 t

represents any electromagnetic field component

F the modal function of the fundamental mode
g the modulating signal
0 the carrier frequency

the
x, y , z , t ? output
problem
 Pulse propagation 2

1st step x, y, z 0, F x, y, z 0, t
2nd step x, y, z , x, y, z 0, H
3rd step x, y , z , t F 1
x, y, z ,

Fourier transform F

inverse Fourier transform F 1

transfer function of the

H exp i z
single - mode optical fiber
 Pulse propagation 3
Fourier
g t G
pair

G F g t g t exp i t d t

1
g t F 1
G G exp i t d
2

g t 1
example
G 2
 Pulse propagation 4

x, y, z 0, F x, y, z 0, t

st
1 step F x, y g t exp i 0 t d t

F x , y G 0

x, y, z , x, y, z 0, H
nd
2 step
F x, y G 0 exp i z

x, y , z , t F x, y , z ,
1

3rd step
F x, y
2
1


G 0 exp i z t d
 Pulse propagation 5
0 0
longitudinal
0 0 B 0
wavenumber
B 0

general x, y , z , t F x , y B z , t

solution B z , t A z , t exp i 0 z 0 t

B z, t
1

2

G 0 exp i z t d
A z, t
1

2

G exp i B z t d
 Pulse propagation 6

m d m
0
m0 m!
m 0 B m
d m 0

m 1 1
B 0 1 2 3 3
m 2

m 1 m! 2 6

approximation m 0, m 4

1 1 2 1
A z, t G exp i t 1 z exp i 2 z exp i 3 3 z d
2
2 6
1
remark A 0, t G exp i t d g t
2
 Pulse propagation 7
2 0 1
if then A z, T G exp i T d g T T t 1 z
3 0 2

group z 1
g 1 z T t g 1 0
delay v g 0 v g 0

1
1
in vg
vg group - velocity
general d 1 1 d vg
2 2
d vg d
GVD group-velocity dispersion
GVD
2
coefficient
 Pulse propagation 8
2 0 1 1
if then A z, t G exp i t 1 z exp i 2 2 z d
3 0 2
2

in most practical cases only when =D (for which 2 vanishes)

we can consider 2 0 or for very short pulses
and 3 0 should one take into account 3

a very important example, that we consider next ,

addresses the propagation of chirped Gaussian pulses
(or frequency modulated pulses )
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 1
chirped dimensionless
1 i C t 2
Gaussian g t A 0, t A 0 exp C chirp
2 T0

pulse parameter
t2 t2
A 0, t A 0 exp 2
exp i t t C
2 T0 2 T02
frequency d t t
t C 2 t 0 t 0 C 2
shift dt T0 T0
useful integral
b2
exp a x 2 b x d x

used in a
exp
4 a


the calculations
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 2
1 i C t 2
A 0, A 0, t exp i t d t A 0 exp exp i t d t

2 T0

1 iC
a 2T 2 A 0, A 0
2 T02
exp
2 T02

0
1 iC 2 1 i C
b i
2 T02 2 T02
A 0,
2
A 02 exp 2
1 C2 1 C
spectral half-width at
0 T0 1 C 2
1 e intensity point: 0
unchirped transform-limited
C 0 0T0 1
pulse pulse
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 3
A z , A 0, H z ,
the optical fiber acts
1
as a chirp filter H z , exp i 2 2 z
2

2 T02 2 T02 1 2
A z, A 0 exp exp i z
1 iC 2 1 i C
2
2
1
A z, T A z , exp i T d
2

2 z
Q z 1 C i
T02

A 0 T0 Q z 2 T02
A z, T exp exp i T d
2 1 i C 2 1 i C

 Chirped Gaussian pulses 4
Q z T02
a
exp a 2 b d
A 0 T0

2 1 i C A z, T
b iT 2 1 i C

A0 1 i C T 2
output A z, T exp
Q z 2 Q z T0

2 2
2 z 2 z
z Qz 1 C 2 2
T0 T0
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 5

output A 2 1 T
2

A z, T
2
0
exp 2
intensity z z T0

E pulse energy

does not depend on point z

E A z, T
2
d T A 02 T0 where it is calculated

lossless case
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 6
T02
LD dispersion length
2
normalized z 2 z 2 z
2
sgn 2 2
distance LD T0 T0

Q exp i ,
sgn 2 C
T1 T0
C1 C sgn 2 1 C 2

T1 broadening
1 sgn 2 C
2
2

T0 coefficient
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 7
T t g
A0
z A1

LD

1 i C t 2
input A 0, t A 0 exp
2 T0

1 i C T 2
1
output A , T A1 exp 1
exp i
2 T1 2

2 T12 2 T12 1
A z , A1 exp exp i
2
1 i C1 2 1 i C1
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 8
2 T02 2 T02
A 0,
2
input A 02 exp 2
1 C2 1 C
2 T12 2 T12
A , A12
2
output exp
1 C12 1 C1
2

H z, 1 A , A 0,

1 C12 1 C 2 2
d
2 1 C
d C1
2 C1 2

d d
d
0 C1 0
d
Chirped Gaussian pulses 9

C1 0 sgn 2 C 1 C 2 min 0
sgn 2 C
min 0
1 C 2

Condition : min only exists if sgn 2 C 0

sgn 2 C
sgn 2 C 0 min
1 C2
1
Conclusion : min min 1
1 C2
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 10
2 0
0
C 0
2 LD

2
A C2
A 02 2 LD
C2
2 LD

T T0
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 11
2 0 C2
5

A12
A 02

C 0

min C2

z LD
 Chirped Gaussian pulses 12
2 0 2 0

C2
C 0
C2
T1 C2
C1
T0

C 0

1
C2
5

z LD z LD
 RMS width of the pulse
RMS (root mean square)
t
2 2
t
width of the pulse

A z, t
m 2
averaging with respect to t dt

t m

A z, t
2
the intensity profile dt

lossless does not depend

E A z, t d t
2

case on the point z

1 m
t A z, t d t
2
t
m

chirped Gaussian T0
0
pulses 2
 RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 1
x exp 2
a x d 2
x
2a
x
exp a x 2

1
2a exp a x 2
dx

x exp a x d x
1 1

2 2 2 2
x exp a x d x exp a x dx
2a 2a

x exp a x 2 d x 0

exp a x dx


2
a

x exp a x d x
1

2 2
2a a
T 2 2 3 T02
A 2
0 T exp
2
dT A 0 T0 T z 0
2
0
2

T0 2 2
RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 2
T 2
A z, T A12 z exp
2

T1 z

E A T0
2
0 T2 2
A12 z T13 z
2E
2 A 02
A1 z z 0 z
2 2 2
T z T

2 1

2 2
T1 z T0 z

2

2
z
0
 RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 3
L
2
3 L
2 2
2
2 L 2 L
z L
2
1 C 2
2
1 C
2 2
3
02 2 0 2 0 4 20
2
3 L
2 2
2 L 2 L
1 C
2 2
0 C
2
2
2 0 2 0 4 20
2
3 L
2
2 L
C 2 L 1 C
2 2
1 C
2 2 2
2
2 0 4 20
0

0 0 s
02 2 L 4
6

1
1

2
3 2
2
sgn C 2
1 C 2 0
1 C 2 0

0 3 L
0 2 0
4 0
2
32 0
4
 RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 4
4
6
2 02 sgn 2 C 02 1 C 2 02
1 1 2
1 C 2 0
4 0 32 04

2 2
X 2
0 2 L
LD 02 02
x 2
dimensionless 2 L 0 2 L p a2 p
X sgn 2 C x 1
parameters 2 x 2x
a
2 3
0
2 L
3

p 1 C
1 2 1
4 4
RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 5

DATA
2 1 ps 2 km 10 27 s 2 m
3 5 ps3 km 5 1039 s3 m
C 6
L 100 km 105 m

p 9.25
a 0.5
 RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 6

p a2 p
X sgn 2 C x 1
x 2 x

x0 3.8482

X 12.9742

x 02 02
RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 7
d dX
optimum value for 0 0 0
d0 dx
the calculation of the optimum value for 0
x3 p x a 2 p 2 0
reduces to solving a cubic equation
4
x3 p x a 2 p x x a2 p
x
y2
p

x2
y
p
y2 x x a2 p
RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 8
 RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 9
x3 p x a 2 p 2 0
change of
x u cos
variable
2 2
4 p 4 a p
u cos p u cos a p 0 4 cos 2 cos
3 3 2 2 3
3
0
u u
trigonometric
4 cos3 3 cos cos 3 0
identity

4p p
u2
u2 3 3

2 2
4 a p cos 3 p 1 3 a 2
p 3
u 3 x0 2 1
cos cos
3 3 2 p
RMS width of chirped Gaussian pulses 10
dimensionless 2 2
X 2
parameter 0 2 L

p a2 p
X sgn 2 C x0 1
x0 2 x0

numerical
X 12.9742
solution
maximum value 1 1
B0
for the bit rate 4 4 2 L X

numerical
B0 6.9407 Gb s
solution
 Bit rate 1
allocated 1
Tb
bit slot B
B bit rate
commonly used criterion: Tb 1

rule of thumb 4 4B
1
B B0
4
maximum value
B0
for the bit rate
 Bit rate 2
special chirped Gaussian pulses

case and with 3 0

input 1 iC t
2

A 0, t A 0 exp
pulse 2 T0



2


output A0 1 i C T 1
A , T exp 1
exp i

pulse 2 T1 2

L
T t 1 L t t g T12 2 2
vg
T1
L 1 T02 2 02
, LD T0 0
LD 2x 2 2
 Bit rate 3
2 2 2 2
2
2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L
2 1 C
2
2
0 C
2

0 2 0 2 02 2 0 2 0
2
2 L
C 2 L 1 C
p
2 2 2
X sgn 2 C x
2 0
0
x
dX p 1
1 2 0 x0 p 1 C2
dx x 2
Solution : X sgn 2 C 2 p

unchirped case u 0 2 L

1 2
u
2
1 C2 & 2 u2 sgn 2 C 1 C 2
0
2
 Bit rate 4
sgn C 1 C 2
2
2

sgn 2 1 opt
2
2 2
0 1 C2

0
1
C
3

C
 Bit rate 5
sgn 2 1
u

0
u

1
C
3

C
 Bit rate 6
Tb
x max , 0 x
4
1
, 0
1 4
B0
4 x 1
, 0
4 0

1 u 4
3
C sgn 2 x 0 max
B
4 u
4 0
3 3
1
L 100 km C B0max 20.8 Gb s
Example 3
2 2.5 ps 2 km
C 0 B0 15.8 Gb s

 Bit rate 7

B0max 20.8 Gb s 1
B0
4 x

Gb s

1
C L 100 km
3 2.5 ps 2 km
2

C
 Bit rate 8
2 2
2 z 2 z
z 1 C
2
2
2
2 0 2 0

2 z 2 L z 2 L z
sgn 2
2 0
2
2 0 L
2
2 02 L
z 2 z u2
sgn 2
L 2 0
2
2 0 2

u2 2 2 z
sgn 2
0 2
1 C2 2 0
2
1 C2
C
1 2 sgn 2
2
2
1 C2
 Bit rate 9
sgn 2 1
C 0

0
C 1 3

C 6

z L
 Bit rate 10
super - Gaussian 1 i C t 2 m
A 0, t A 0 exp m 1, 2, 3,
pulses 2 T0

a 2 L

3 1
2
2 m 2 m
m m
2

2 1

2 m

2
a
sgn 2 a C m 1 C
2 2 2

0

0
 Bit rate 11
gamma
x t x 1 e t d t
function 0

n 0,1, 2, 3, n 1 n!

1 2 1

1 3
,
2 2 2
1 1 3 5 7 2n 1 1
n n

2 2 2
Bit rate 12

x
 Bit rate 13
super - Gaussian t 2 m
A 0, t
2
A 02 exp m 1, 2, 3,
pulses T0

m 10

A 0, t
2

2
m 1
A 0

m2

t T0