Flexural member is a beam or rafter that will bend under a load

Deflection can be occur to the flexural member if the member applied by some load
There are many steps to analyze the deflection on the beam such as double integration
method, MacAulay method and moment area method
The aim of this project is to define the value of deflection on the beam.
The beam sample that we use in this experiment is made from satay stick which has square
hollow section and the cross section is about 3cm b x 3cm h x 50cm L.
The sample tested on 3 point bending test which load until failure in the lab to define the
deflection.
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Mechanics of materials is a subject which deals with the behaviour of solid objects
subject to stresses and strains.
The complete theory began with the consideration of one and two dimensional members
of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two dimensional, and was
then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic
and plastic behaviour of materials.
The study of strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating the
stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts
In this research, our group has made two samples of rectangular hollow section beam
from satay stick. The cross section is given by 3cm b x 3cm d x 50cm L. This sample will
be tested in the laboratory to find the deflection of the beam.
 1.2 GOAL
Flexural member is a beam or rafter that will bend under a load
This project is about to analyse the deflection on the beam sample by using satay sticks.
The member will be tested under 3 point in the lab to define the deflection on the beam.
Moment area method is use to analyse the beam section.
The sample specimen is a square holes section which is 3cm height and 3cm width. The
length of the specimen is about 50cm
 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of this research is to determine the deflection on the beam sample. In order to
achieve the aim of the research, the following objective had been carried out:
i. To study the behaviour of the flexural members.
ii. To analyse the length and slope deflection on the flexural members by using moment area
method.
iii. To complete the group project for Mechanics of Material.
 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
To achieve the standard for student to pass subject BFC 20903 Mechanics of Materials,
we have to complete the group project
We need to design at least two specimens which is flexural member (beam) by using
satay stick
Each group are given different cross section for the specimen either rectangular hollow
section or square hollow section
For our group, the cross section given is a square hollow section which is 3cm b x 3cm h x
50cm L.
Therefore, we prepare two samples for this project to achieve the requirement. This
sample is tested in the lab to define the deflection. The member will be tested under 3
point bending test as in figure below which load until failure.
 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
The deflection of the beam had been analysed in the laboratory by using the specific
tools.
The result shows the deflection of the beam which is needed to prepare the other analysis.
This project could help student to learn something related to Mechanics of Materials.
By using the specific method that given to analyse the beam, we manage to cover some of
chapter 4 (Deformation of Statically Determinate Structure).
This could help us to enhance our soft skill regarding the structure especially for the
Mechanics of Material course
 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BEAM
Beam may be defined as member whose length is large in comparison with its thickness
and is loaded with transverse loads or couples that produce significant bending effects
Beams are so common in engineering structures that their importance cannot be
overemphasized
Beams are generally classified according to their geometry and manner in which they are
supported
Geometrical classification includes such features as the shape of cross-section, whether
the beam is straight or curved and whether the beam is tapered or has a constant cross
section
 2.2 LOAD
Any force that is transmitted to a body from another body by means of direct contact over
an area on the surface of the first body is a load due to body contact
Loads may be classified as follows:
1) Concentrated load
2) Distributed load
3) Couple is a turning moment applied at a particular point along the beam span
 2.3 REACTION
As response to applied loads, the beam and the supports react by an internal force which
is opposite to the applied loads in order to remain in equilibrium
The reactions at the supports give rise to an internal shear force which acts at every
section of the beam
To maintain its equilibrium, the beam reacts to turning effect of external loads in form of
internal bending moments which vary along the position of the beam.
 2.4 DEFLECTION
In deformed position; the axis of the beam which was initially in a straight longitudinal
line assumes some particular shape which is called deflection curve
The vertical distance between a point in neutral axis and correspond a point in the
deflection curve is called deflection at that point
The deflection at any point long the beam span is function of bending moments and
property of beam material and cross section
 2.5.1 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
This method is a semi-graphical integration technique based on geometrical interpretation
of definite integrals. From differential deflection equation and definition of slope as:

=

1 2

=

=
2
=

Rewritten this equation becomes

1
=
=

The finite change in slope between any two distinct points on the beam can be obtained by
integrating equation of d above between the corresponding limits. Thus
 = =

The deflection of the beam can be obtained indirectly by considering the tangential
deviation.
The tangential deviation tAB is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the
undeform neutral axis between point A on the deflection curve and a tangent line to the
deflection curve drawn through the point B
Using curvature diagram; tangential deviation tAB is the first moment of area of the area
between A and B about point A
Thus the moment of the area on the curvature diagram is always taken about point for
which tangential deviation is being determined
 METHODOLOGY
3.1 FLOW CHART
 3.2 DESIGN PRODUCT
Product design is product shaped as beam
The dimension of beam is 3cm high, 3cm width and 50cm length.
There are Square Hollow Section types of beam designed and arrangement of satay
sticks used as variable in this project
 3.3 MATERIAL USED
3.3.1 SATAY STICK
Satay sticks is chosen as a main material in this project.
Satay sticks has a circular shape. Satay sticks has 0.9mm in diameter and 250mm in length
The brand of satay sticks used in this project is Kimball. A packet of satay sticks has
400g in weight and price for each packet is RM3.50.
 Two things happen when you bend a material:
Parts of it are put under tension, meaning they are being pulled apart. Other parts are put
under compression, or being squished together
Certain materials tend to break more easily under either tension or compression,
Better understanding these details allows them to build structures that won't break
Bridges are a great example; when cars drive over a bridge; their weight pushes
downward, causing the bridge to bend slightly
This puts the materials in the bridge in both tension and compression. Engineers have to
design the bridge to make sure it can handle these forces.
 3.3.2 GLUE
The satay sticks is bounded by using glue 502
Glue 502 is most suitable to act as bound agent between satay sticks because this glue can
bound the material that non-metal like polyethylene (PE), polystyrene, and neoprene and
also for metal
 3.4 METHOD OF ASSEMBLE
3.4.1 design of beam assemble
i. 11 pieces of satay sticks is arranged side by side and in equal length.
ii. The satay sticks is bounded by using glue 502 in perpendicularly from satay sticks
formed.
iii. The satay sticks is leaved for a few minutes for the glue to dry properly.
iv. Step i-iii is repeated until square hollow section of satay sticks formed.
v. Each layer of satay sticks is bounded by using glue 502.
vi. Design beam from satay sticks is formed.
 3.5 TESTING ON PRODUCT
Satay sticks produced must be tested to find out the strength and weakness
The testing that want to carry out is tensile and bending test
Both of laboratory test is purposed to find the stress and strain of the satay sticks.
3.5.1 bending test
Deflection on Beam is the equipment used to get the strength of the satay sticks beam to
resist the force act on the middle
Deflection data is obtained based on the load until the satay sticks is broken.
The purposed to put the load at the center is to determine the maximum stress of the satay
sticks beam
 Procedure :
1)The satay sticks is located on the support at the both side.
2)The deflection meter is located at the middle of satay sticks and set to zero reading.
3)The hanger is located on the middle of satay sticks
4)The load is put at the hanger little by little.
5)Data obtained is recorded.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
LOAD(N) DEFLECTION(MM)(-ve) STRESS(N/mm2)(*10^-3) STRAIN (*10^-4)
2 0 4 0
4 0 8 0
6 -0.09 12 1.8
8 -0.11 16 2.2
10 -0.24 20 4.8
12 -0.32 24 6.4
14 -0.44 28 8.8
16 -0.57 32 11.4
18 -0.72 36 14.4
20 -0.85 40 17.0
22 -0.98 44 19.6
24 -1.12 48 22.4
26 -1.25 52 25.0
28 -1.40 56 28.0
30 -1.52 60 30.4
32 -1.62 64 32.4
34 -1.82 68 36.4
36 -1.96 72 39.2
38 -2.21 76 44.0
40 -2.40 80 48.0
42 -2.55 84 51.0
44 -2.73 88 54.6
46 -2.90 92 58.0
48 -3.10 96 62.0
50 -3.29 100 65.8
52 -3.53 104 70.6
To find the stress = (load/ area of the beam) and
strain = (deflection/total length)
Area of beam = (3x3)-(2x2) = 5cm2 = 500mm2
Total length of beam = 50 cm =500mm
 (b) FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
 (C) STRESS DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

Second moment of inertia of beam

1
IXX = 12
3 32 2 22

IXX = 5.4167 cm
Stress max,
650 (1.5)
= 5.4167
= 180.00 /2
 = 1.5 3 1 2 = 2.52
=
= 2.5 1.375 = 3.4375

26 3.4375
=
5.4167 3
= 5.50 /2
 So, from the stress and strain calculate, the bending stress diagram is:

D) Calculation (MOMENT AREA METHOD)

With specific method given, prove (based on the project instruction)
y_max=-(PL^3)/48EI
 M/EI Diagram
 To find the deflection of beam using moment area
method, we need to find the find Ymax where,
=
So , first we need to find ,

1 1 1 1 1
=
2 2 3 2 2 2 3

1 3 3
=
12 24

1 3
=
24
 So, then to find CC,

3
= 24
2

3
=
48

After that, you need to find TBA, where,

= 1 1
2


4


2
1
3

2

3
= 96

=
3 3
= 48

96

3
=
48
 # PROVEN

E) To find Modulus Of Elasticity, (MOE) of the beam.

E = , =

L
, =
P
A

= AP = 2.5
52
= 20.8 N/cm2

= L = 3.53
50
= 0.0706

E = = 0.0706
20.8
= 294.61N/cm2
 DISCUSSION
In order to obtain the deflections of the beam, we have carried out an experiment, where
loads were placed on the beam.
There are two beam that were made by using same dimension 3cm x 3 cm with a hollow
2cm x 2cm and 50 cm long
The beam were made up of bamboo stick with modulus of elasticity, E = stress/strain.
The deflection obtained with maximum load 52N from the experiment is 3.53 mm.
Besides that, there is a few factor that affecting the strength of beam such as the length
of span, material used for the beam and the way of gluing the beam
. If the satay stick are glued neatly and fully covered, plus with a short span, the
deflection and load can be higher
 By using the moment area method, it was proven that the Ymax the deflection can be
calculate by the formula. The deflection of beam can be compare between both value.
Its value should not be too far from the deflection obtained in the experiment.
 CONCLUSION
In summary, our experiment is to find the deflection of the beam which is the model of the
beam is made up from satay wood. We successfully measured all the dimensions of the beam and
their deflection in the laboratory. Laboratory work and experimentation are extremely important
to Civil Engineering. The only way to confirm the ideas that engineers come up with is to test them
and analyze the data. This project was just one example of many situations that may face a Civil
Engineer in the work place. Being able to test, organize, and communicate data is fundamental for
any Civil Engineer.
After carried out the test on our beam, the theoretical results were not as expected. There was
significant error between actual results and theoretical value. We got the value of beam deflection
calculated in theory is bit different from our experiment value. This is caused by several errors
while carried out the test. The important part is error in placing the position of load on the beam
which is the load must be at the mid of span. If the position of load is not at the mid of the span
while in the calculation we assumed the gap between load and support is half of support 1 and
support 2, therefore the deflection value is different. However, since we do not know the actual
value of Youngs Modulus of Elasticity, we cannot get the same value with theory calculation.