Introduction to Power System

protection

Md Irshad Ahmad
Irshad.ahmad@jit.edu.in
Electrical Engineering Department
Subject: NEE 602: SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
 Syllabus
SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and
backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of
electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays,
directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus,
auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching,
capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect
testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil,
Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
 UNIT-1
Introduction to protection system and its elements
Functions of protective relaying
Protective zones
Primary and backup protection
Desirable qualities of protective relaying
Basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic
Attracted and induction type relays
Thermal relay & gas actuated relay
Design considerations of electromagnetic relay
 Switch gear - It's function

SWITCHGEAR : Gear for Switching

Control & Sensing Decision Making

Switching Devices Devices Devices

Circuit breakers Protective Relays

Current Lightning
Isolators Transformers; Arresters
Switches Voltage Fuses
Transformers;
Reactors;
Tripping Units.
 What is System protection?

System protection is the art and science of detecting

problems with power system components and
isolating these components.
 Need for the protection
The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hours a
day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
Protect the public
Improve system stability
Minimize damage to equipment
Protect against overloads
Damage to Main Equipment
 Desirable Protection Attributes

Reliability: System operate properly

Security: Dont trip when you shouldnt
Dependability: Trip when you should
Selectivity: Trip the minimal amount to clear the fault or abnormal operating
condition
Speed: Usually the faster the better in terms of minimizing equipment damage
and maintaining system integrity
Economics: Dont break the bank
 Primary Equipment & Components

Transformers - to step up or step down voltage level

Breakers - to energize equipment and interrupt fault current to isolate faulted

equipment

Insulators - to insulate equipment from ground and other phases

Isolators (switches) - to create a visible and permanent isolation of primary

equipment for maintenance purposes and route power flow over certain buses.

Bus - to allow multiple connections (feeders) to the same source of power

(transformer).
 Primary Equipment & Components

Grounding - to operate and maintain equipment safely

Arrester - to protect primary equipment of sudden overvoltage (lightning strike).

Switchgear integrated components to switch, protect, meter and control power flow

Reactors - to limit fault current (series) or compensate for charge current (shunt)

VT and CT - to measure primary current and voltage and supply scaled down values to
P&C, metering, SCADA, etc.

Regulators - voltage, current, VAR, phase angle, etc.

Typical Bulk Power System
Generation-typically at 4-20kV
Transmission-typically at 230-765kV

Receives power from transmission system and

transforms into subtransmission level

Subtransmission-typically at 69-161kV

Receives power from sub transmission system and

transforms into primary feeder voltage

Distribution network-typically 2.4-69kV

Low voltage (service)-typically 120-600V

 Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)

Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone

Unit Generator-Tx zone Line zone
Transformer zone Motor zone
Transformer zone

~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
 Zone Overlap
1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source for
protective relays.
2. In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker itself, which
means it can not be cleared until adjacent breakers (local or remote) are
opened.

Relay Zone A
Relay Zone A

Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B

Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B

CTs are located at both sides of CB-fault CTs are located at one side of CB-
between CTs is cleared from both remote sides fault between CTs is sensed by both relays,
remote right side operate only.
Thank You