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Wangda Zuo
M.Sc. Student of Computational Engineering
Lehrstuhl fr Strmungsmechanik
FAU Erlangen-Nrnberg
Cauerstr. 4, D-91058 Erlangen
1 Title of Presentation
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
2 Contents
Fluid
Problem Comparison&
Fluid Mechanics Analysis
3 What is CFD?
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
4 Contents
Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Cost Cheap Expensive
Aerospace
Automotive
Biomedicine
Biomedical
Chemical
Processing
HVAC
Hydraulics
Power Generation
Sports
Marine
Hydraulics Hydraulics
Power Generation
Sports
Marine
HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation
9 Contents
Fluid = Liquid + Gas
Density const incompress ible
variable compressib le
Viscosity :
resistance to flow of a fluid
Ns
3 ( Poise)
m
Substance Air(18C) Water(20C) Honey(20C)
Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190
10 Physics of Fluid
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
11 Contents
m in m out
in M out
dM
m in m out
dt
in m
m out
Mass
dM Momentum
0
dt Energy
12 Conservation Law
Mass ConservationContinuity Equation
D U i
0 Compressible
Dt xi
D
const , 0
Dt
U i
0 Incompressible
xi
13 Navier-Stokes Equation I
Momentum ConservationMomentum Equation
U j U j P ij
U i g j
t xi x j xi
I
V
II III IV
U j U i 2
ij ij U k
I : Local change with time xi x j 3 xk
II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force
14 Navier-Stokes Equation II
Momentum Equation for Incompressible Fluid
ij U j U i 2
ij U k
xi xi x x j 3 xi xk
i
U i
0
xi
ij 2U j U i 2U j
xi xi2 x j xi xi2
U j P U j 2U j
U i g j
t xi x j xi
2
16 Navier-Stokes Equation IV
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
17 Contents
Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations
Discretization Methods
Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
Finite Element
Any geometries
Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries
18 Discretization
General Form of Navier-Stokes Equation
U i q 1,U j , T
t xi xi
Local change with time Flux Source
19 Finite Volume I
Conservation of Finite Volume Method
V t dV S U i xi ni dS V q dV
A B
A B
20 Finite Volume II
UP UE
Approximation of Volume Integrals
m dV pV ; mu i ui dV P u PV
Vi Vi
P dV P dS Pk S k k n, s, e, w
Ue Vi Si
k
Interpolation
U if (U n ) e 0
Upwind U P
e
U E if (U n ) e 0
xe xP
Central U e U E e U P (1 e ) e
xE xP
Discretization of
22
Continuity Equation
FV Discretization of Incompressible N-S Equation
Muh 0
duh
C (uh )uh Duh Mqh 0
dt
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source
Time Discretization
duhn 1 f (uh )
n Explicit
dt f (uhn , uhn 1 ) Implicit
Discretization of
23
Navier-Stokes Equation
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
24 Contents
Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
only for simple domains
Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
irregular data structure
25 Grids
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
26 Contents
Typical Boundary Conditions
No-slip(Wall), Axisymmetric, Inlet, Outlet, Periodic
27 Boundary Conditions
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
28 Contents
Solvers
Direct: Cramers rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition
Iterative: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR method
Numerical Parameters
Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
Multigrid, Parallelization
Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
Single/double precisions
30 Contents
Backward-Facing Step
Wall
Wall
31 Case Study
Thank you for your attention!
32