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Introduction of

Computational Fluid Dynamics


by

Wangda Zuo
M.Sc. Student of Computational Engineering

Lehrstuhl fr Strmungsmechanik
FAU Erlangen-Nrnberg
Cauerstr. 4, D-91058 Erlangen

JASS 2005, St. Petersburg

1 Title of Presentation
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

2 Contents
Fluid
Problem Comparison&
Fluid Mechanics Analysis

Physics of Fluid Simulation Results


C
Mathematics Computer
F
Navier-Stokes Equations
D Computer Program
Programming
Numerical
Methods Geometry Language

Discretized Form Grids

3 What is CFD?
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

4 Contents
Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Cost Cheap Expensive

Time Short Long

Scale Any Small/Middle

Information All Measured Points

Repeatable All Some

Security Safe Some Dangerous

5 Why use CFD?


Aerospace

Aerospace
Automotive
Biomedicine
Biomedical
Chemical
Processing
HVAC
Hydraulics
Power Generation
Sports
Marine

Automotive Temperature and natural


convection currents in the eye
following laser heating.

6 Where use CFD?


Chemical Processing
Aerospacee
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC(Heat Ventilation reactor vessel - prediction of flow
Air Condition) separation and residence time effects.

Hydraulics Hydraulics
Power Generation
Sports
Marine

HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation

7 Where use CFD?


Sports Power Generation
Aerospace
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC
Hydraulics
Power Generation Flow around cooling towers
Sports
Marine
Marine

8 Where use CFD?


What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

9 Contents
Fluid = Liquid + Gas
Density const incompress ible

variable compressib le

Viscosity :
resistance to flow of a fluid
Ns
3 ( Poise)
m
Substance Air(18C) Water(20C) Honey(20C)
Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190

10 Physics of Fluid
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

11 Contents
m in m out
in M out

dM
m in m out
dt

in m
m out
Mass
dM Momentum
0
dt Energy

12 Conservation Law
Mass ConservationContinuity Equation
D U i
0 Compressible
Dt xi
D
const , 0
Dt

U i
0 Incompressible
xi

13 Navier-Stokes Equation I
Momentum ConservationMomentum Equation
U j U j P ij
U i g j

t xi x j xi

I
V
II III IV

U j U i 2
ij ij U k
I : Local change with time xi x j 3 xk
II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force

14 Navier-Stokes Equation II
Momentum Equation for Incompressible Fluid
ij U j U i 2

ij U k
xi xi x x j 3 xi xk
i
U i
0
xi
ij 2U j U i 2U j

xi xi2 x j xi xi2

U j P U j 2U j
U i g j
t xi x j xi
2

15 Navier-Stokes Equation III


Energy ConservationEnergy Equation
T T U i 2T U j
c cU i P 2 ij
t

xi

xi xi

xi
I II III IV V
I : Local energy change with time
II: Convective term
III: Pressure work
IV: Heat flux(diffusion)
V: Irreversible transfer of mechanical energy into heat

16 Navier-Stokes Equation IV
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

17 Contents
Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations

Discretization Methods
Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
Finite Element
Any geometries
Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries

18 Discretization
General Form of Navier-Stokes Equation


U i q 1,U j , T
t xi xi
Local change with time Flux Source

Integrate over the


Control Volume(CV) V xi dV S ni dS

Integral Form of Navier-Stokes Equation



V t dV S U i xi ni dS V q dV
Local change Flux Over Source in CV
with time in CV the CV Surface

19 Finite Volume I
Conservation of Finite Volume Method

V t dV S U i xi ni dS V q dV

A B

A B

20 Finite Volume II
UP UE
Approximation of Volume Integrals

m dV pV ; mu i ui dV P u PV
Vi Vi

Approximation of Surface Integrals ( Midpoint Rule)

P dV P dS Pk S k k n, s, e, w
Ue Vi Si
k

Interpolation

U if (U n ) e 0
Upwind U P
e

U E if (U n ) e 0

xe xP
Central U e U E e U P (1 e ) e
xE xP

21 Finite Volume III


One Control Volume
aPuP aN uN aS uS aW uW aEuE 0
Whole Domain
a11 a12 a1l u1 0
a a22 a23 a2,l 1 u 0
21 2
. . . . . .

. . . . . .
ak 1 . . . al 1,n 1 . .

ak 1,2 . . . al ,n . .
. . . . . .

. . . . . .
an 1,n k 1 an 1,n 2 an 1,n 1 an 1,n u 0
n 1
an ,n k an ,n 1 ann un 0

Discretization of
22
Continuity Equation
FV Discretization of Incompressible N-S Equation

Muh 0
duh
C (uh )uh Duh Mqh 0
dt
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source

Time Discretization

duhn 1 f (uh )
n Explicit

dt f (uhn , uhn 1 ) Implicit

Discretization of
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Navier-Stokes Equation
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

24 Contents
Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
only for simple domains
Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
irregular data structure

Block Structured Grid

25 Grids
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

26 Contents
Typical Boundary Conditions
No-slip(Wall), Axisymmetric, Inlet, Outlet, Periodic

No-slip walls: u=0,v=0

Inlet ,u=c,v=0 Outlet, du/dx=0


dv/dy=0,dp/dx=0
r
v=0, dp/dr=0,du/dr=0
o x
Periodic boundary condition in
Axisymmetric
spanwise direction of an airfoil

27 Boundary Conditions
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

28 Contents
Solvers
Direct: Cramers rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition
Iterative: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR method

Numerical Parameters
Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
Multigrid, Parallelization
Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
Single/double precisions

Solver and Numerical


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Parameters
What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
Why and where use CFD?
Physics of Fluid
Navier-Stokes Equation
Numerical Discretization
Grids
Boundary Conditions
Numerical Staff
Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

30 Contents
Backward-Facing Step

Wall

Wall

31 Case Study
Thank you for your attention!

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