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Abdulhameed Eman .F Bahea.A Maryam .H


Zena .A
.H
Contents
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1 General
2 Excavation

3 Excavation Hazards

4 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2 S)

5 Example- lifting
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General 5

Fact - Excavation work is one of the most hazardous operations on site.

Fact - If an incident on site is excavation related, death or serious injury is the


likely outcome.

Fact - Up to seven people die each year working in and around excavations.

Fact - One cubic metre of soil can weigh over one tonne ( the same as a new mini car)
Excavation 6
No two excavations are the same, they can range from a small hole for a
fence post to a long pipe line project and yet size doesnt always matter
when you consider the hazards. Here are some typical examples.
planning 7

All excavation work must be planned before work commences on site -


This is essential if the work is to be carried out in a safe manner.
How much planning has gone into this operation?
Would you enter this excavation?
Do you think they have considered the following?
Ground conditions and adequate support
Surcharge loads from spoil and mechanical equipment
Existing structures above and below ground
Location of underground services
Ingress of ground / surface water
Access and egress to the excavation
Edge protection and materials falling from height
Excavation Hazards 8

1. Collapse of the sides


Make sure the necessary equipment needed such as trench
sheets, props, baulks, etc are available on site before
commencing work.
Prevent the sides and ends from collapsing by battering them to
a safe angle or support with timber, sheeting or proprietary
support systems
DO NOT go into unsupported excavations
Never work ahead of the support
Remember that even work in shallow trenches can be
dangerous. You may need to provide support if the work involves
bending or kneeling within the trench
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2. Materials falling into excavations Edge Protection.

Do not store other materials close to the sides of the excavations. The spoil
may fall into the excavation and the extra loading will make the sides more
prone to collapse.
Make sure the edges of the excavation are protected against falling materials.
Provide toe-boards or similar
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3. People and vehicles falling into excavations.

Take steps to prevent people falling into excavations. If the excavation is 2m or


more deep, provide substantial barriers, e.g Guard rails and toeboards.
Where vehicles have to tip materials into excavations, use stop blocks to prevent
them from over running. Remember that the sides of the excavation may need
extra support
4. Undermining nearby structures 13
Make sure the excavaton does not affect the footings of scaffolds or the
foundations of nearby structures. Walls have very shallow foundations which can
be undermined by even small trenches

Decide if the structure needs temporary support before digging starts. A survey of
the foundations and the advice of a structural engineer may be needed.
5. Contact with underground services 14
Look around for obvious signs of underground services, e.g. valve
covers or patching of footpath and road surfaces
Use cable locating devices to track any services and mark the ground
accordingly
Make sure that the person supervising the excavation work has service
plans and knows how to use them. Use the permit to dig procedure,
safe digging practices and make sure the emergency procedures are
known to every one in the team.
Correctly support any existing services that encroach the excavation
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6. Suffocating, Toxic and Explosive Gases.

When chalk and limestone comes into contact with acidic


water it can liberate carbon dioxide and Glauconitic sand
(Thanet sand) can oxidise causing oxygen deficiency.

Other gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide can


seep into trenches from contaminated ground or damaged
services (Transco etc).

Fumes from petrol and diesel engine equipment can collect


within trenches if sited near excavation - this can lead to
asphyxiation and / or poisoning. (Such equipment should
never be taken into excavations)

Tests for gas must be carried out before work is started and
detectors positioned within the working space to provide
constant monitoring.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2 S)
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Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable,


extremely hazardous gas with a rotten
egg smell.

It occurs naturally in crude petroleum and


natural gas, and can be produced
by the breakdown of organic matter and
human/ animal wastes (e.g., sewage). It is
heavier than air and can collect in low-lying
and enclosed, poorly ventilated areas such
as
basements, manholes, sewer lines and
underground telephone/electrical vaults.
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Other name referred


to H2S

Hydrogen
Sulfide
Toxicity table of H2S
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Concentration Symptoms/Effects
(ppm)
0.005-0.13 Minimal perceptible odour.
5 Easily detectable , moderate odour
10 Beginning eye irritation.
27 Strong unpleasant odour , but not intolerable
100 Coughing , eye irritation loss of sense of smell after 2-5
mins
200-300 Marked conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation
after 1-Hr of exposure .
500-700 Loss of consciousness and possible death in 30 minute.
700-1000 Rapid unconsciousness, cessation of respiration and
death.
1000-2000 Unconsciousness at once, with early cessation of
respiration and death in a few minutes.
AIARMS 19

Most alarms will consist of amber strobe light , a blue strobe light,
a red strobe light , and dual tone audible alarm
Types of Alarm :

Low level Alarm: 10 ppm.

High Level Alarm : 15 ppm above


Emergency Response and Rescue Procedures
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These are the basic steps to take if you are In the immediate area of spill or leak.
DO NOT PANIC.
Hold your breath.
Move upwind or crosswind and away from the gas.
Put on appropriate breathing apparatus .
Assist anyone in distress
Move quickly to the upwind "Safe Briefing or Assembly Area" to receive instructions.

Always follow company policies and procedures for escape and rescue. Before attempting
to rescue anyone else, always:

Protect yourself first. Don't become another victim.


Put on rescue breathing apparatus(30 mins. SCBA before attempting rescue.
Use the"Buddy System". Do not attempt to rescue
Example- lifting
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Write the JSA and give the requied TBM for the additional camping work in Majnoon
Oilfield. The work includes the following.

Site preparation( ground backfilling and leveling)


Mobilization and installing 6x(12x2.6m) living caravans, and 2x(12ft) steel containers for
materials stock and workshop.
Mobilization and installing (3x2x1.5m) metalic septic-tank. (you are also responsible for
the excavation work)
Solution
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Site work activities:
Lifting work .
Site preparation (ground backfilling and leveling)
Excavations .
Mobilization.

TBM:
Gas testing, Site preparation, lifting , Excavation and cold work permit .

Equipment and tools inspection (crane, JCB Excavator , dump trucks, power shovel,
hand tools)
JSA:
Materials fall (PPE)
Piling containers, caravans and pallets (guiding the objects)
Solution
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Always there should be a flag man and rigger for heavy equipment 50 ton crane
Use safety lifting equipment (slings and shackles) .
Working at height (harnesses) .
Heavy equipment JCB Excavator (warning lights, horns ) .
Use warning tabe, rope off and barricades to prevent falling in trenches.
Drives should wear seat belts while they are driving loaders and they should follow the
escort vehicle .
Fire Prevention .
House keeping
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