THE POWER PLANT

The power plant (engine) provides the motive power for all the
various functions which the vehicle or any part of it, may be
called upon to perform
Generally consist of internal combustion engine
(spark-ignition or compressionignition)
Gas engine (more cost)
Electric motor powered by batteries
Combination of IC engine and an electric motor-Hybrid
vehicles
Solar powered plant
Fuel cell
 ENGINE
Engines are like the heart of an automobile and function
likewise.
The engine is made up of seven main parts; the
Engine Block
Cylinder Head
Cylinders
Pistons
Valves
Crankshaft
Camshaft.

The engine is also divided into two main parts;

upper section
lower section.

The lower section of the engine is called the engine block.

 ENGINE

The engines of automobiles are classified as

In-line Engines

V-type Engines

Flat (Horizontal-opposed) Engines

Rotary Engines

Electrical Engines

Hybrid Engines
 INLINE ENGINE

All the cylinders of the engine are arranged in a straight line.

In-line engines are one of the most used engines by car makers today.
The in-line engine usually has six or four cylinders aligned in a straight row.
They are usually found smaller cars.
 V-ENGINE

The cylinders arranged in two banks connected to the same crankshaft.

Different angles are used between the cylinder banks.
V-type engines are one of the most powerful engines made for a car. These
engines are V-shaped like and have to rows of six or eight cylinders.
V engines are well balanced, smooth and quiet in operation.
FLAT / HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED

Flat engines are like v-type engines, except that the engine is flattened until both
banks lie in a horizontal plane. European car makers like to use this engine.

The cylinders are arranged in two blocks connected to the same crankshaft and
which are horizontally opposed (flat).
A Boxer engine is a V engine with an angle between the cylinder banks of 180 Deg.
The pistons look like a boxers fists going back and forth hence the boxer name.
complicated in design and expensive to produce & maintain, hence are not widely
used.
 ROTAR ENGINE
(must watch video)

A rotary engine is an internal combustion engine, like the engine in

car but it works in a completely different way than the conventional

piston engine.

The rotary engine has no pistons, and uses rotors in replace for the

pistons.

In a piston engine, the same volume of space (the cylinder)

alternately does four different jobs -- intake, compression,

combustion and exhaust.

A rotary engine does these same four jobs, but each one happens in its own part of the housing. It's

kind of like having a dedicated cylinder for each of the four jobs, with the piston moving continually

from one to the next.

The rotary engine (originally conceived and developed by Dr. Felix Wankel) is sometimes called

a Wankel engine, or Wankel rotary engine.

 ELECTRICAL ENGINE
Electrical engines are one of the two engines that use
electricity to power cars
 HYBRID ENGINE

Automobiles that combine two or more types of engines are called hybrids.
A usual hybrid engine is made of an electrical motor with batteries
 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINES
All automobile engines are Internal combustion engines. These are classified
mainly according to;

Arrangement of Cylinders

Type of fuel used

Number of Strokes per cycle (Two Stroke & Four stroke)

Number of Cylinders

Method of Ignition (Spark Ignition (SI) & Compression Ignition (CI))

Based on Number of Strokes per Cycle

Two Stroke

Four Stroke
 ENGINE BASIC TERMINOLOGY

ROCKER ARMS
CAM SHAFT

EXHAUST VALVE
INLET VALVE

PISTON RINGS
SPARK PLUG
PISTON

CYLINDER BLOCK
CONNECTING ROD

CRANK SHAFT

SUMP
Cylinder block is basically a casting made
up of Cast iron or Aluminum alloys.

Click to go back to main slide

Piston A movable part fitted in to the cylinder
Which can receive/transmit motion to the crank
Shaft through connecting rod. It is mad up of
aluminum alloy

Click to go back to main slide

RAYAT - BAHRA
PISTON
 Piston rings

Piston rings Rings are fitted in to grooves in

the piston, and used for -
Sealing the Compression pressure in he chamber.
Provide passage for heat flow from piston top
to cylinder wall.
scrap the excessive oil on the cylinder valve.

There are two compression rings & one

oil control ring
 Piston
Rings

Skirt
Piston Head

Piston Pin Bore

 Piston Rings
1. Compression Ring-seals the
combustion chamber from any
leakage during the combustion
process.

2. Wiper Ring- used to further seal

the combustion chamber and to
wipe the cylinder wall clean of
excess oil.

3. Oil Ring-Wipes excess oil from the

cylinder wall during piston
movement. Openings in the ring
returns the excess oil to the engine
block.
Valves Valves are required in an engine to breathe
It can be opened or closed
to allow or stop the flow of air/fuel mixture or
only air into the combustion chamber
 VALVES
Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder

Exhaust Valve lets the

exhaust gases escape the
combustion
Chamber. (Diameter is
smaller then Intake valve)

Intake Valve lets the air or

air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber.
(Diameter is larger than the
exhaust valve)
 VALVE ARRANGEMENT
Different arrangement of valve and camshaft.
 Valve
Valve Retainer
Spring

Valve
Stem
Valve Head

Exhaust Valve- allows exhaust Intake Valve- allows the air-fuel

valves to flow out of the cylinder mixture to flow into the cylinder