Seamanship

Introduction
Shipping is perhaps the most international
of all the world’s great industries – and one
of the most dangerous
What is the International Maritime
Organization (IMO)?
 an established United Nations agency that sets
standards and adopts regulations that apply to all vessels
that operate internationally.

 is based in London and includes representatives from

171 major maritime nations including the United States.
IMO’s Objectives
IMO’s most important objectives and accomplishments
have been:

 To improve vessel safety

 To prevent marine pollution
IMO Regulations
 New version of the SOLAS – the most important of
all treaties dealing with maritime safety (1959)
 international collision regulations
 Global standards for the seafarers
 International conventions
 Codes relating to search and rescue, the facilitation
of international maritime traffic, load lines, the
carriage of dangerous goods and tonnage
measurement.
The IMO Requirements for Vessel’s Safety
The SOLAS Convention addresses a wide range of measures
to enhance vessel safety including:
1. Standards for ship design and construction
2. Stability
3. Fire Protection
4. Life Saving
5. Communications
6. Navigations
7. Safety Management
8. Certification
Basic Safety
Training
Objectives
To be able to demonstrate competency in surviving
at sea in the event of ship abandonment.
To minimize the risk of fire.
To take immediate action upon encountering an
accident or medical emergency.
To comply with emergency procedures.
To observe safe working practices and effectively
communicate with others.
Scope :
Personal Survival Techniques
Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting
Elementary First Aid
Personal Safety and Social Responsibility
Personal Survival
Techniques
Introduction
Though life at sea has changed considerably in the
past years, and requirement is very much
sophisticated and highly technical, the sea itself has
not. It is the element which we always have to come
to terms and to live with, but if it is treated with
respect and with team work and professionalism then
it will allow seafarers to complete their ventures safely
and successfully. These attributes are but imported
through proper and specialized training in the field of
safety.
Safety Guidance
SAFETY> is the most important factor to observe while
in training and working on board.
> It is vital to avoid accidents that may result to
personal injury, damage to property and environment,
or untimely death. Information about maritime safety
are found on the following sources, namely:
Training manuals
Company safety manuals
SOLAS (ISM Code)
Training and drills
Computer-based training software (CD)
Survival
Is an action, ability or effort exerted by a person or
group of persons to continue to live in the midst of a
disastrous situation.
It is a struggle for existence.
Principles of Survival at Sea
Regular Trainings and Drills
> It provide realistic situations for practicing skills with
emergency equipments and procedures.
> Crewmembers gain confidence and understand more
clearly their duties and how they fit into the
emergency teams.
Preparedness for any emergency
> Crewmembers must be prepared to respond to an
emergency at any time during the day or night.
Muster List (station bill)
 a required ship document posted in accessible places
navigational bridge, engine control room, etc.
 It is a list of emergency duties and muster stations of
crew members during emergencies.
 It describe various emergency signals that the ship
will use to indicate emergency situation like:
- Fire alarm intermittent ringing of alarm bells
- General emergency signal- 7 short blasts and 1 long
blast on ship’s whistle/ continuous ringing of alarm
bells
- Abandon ship signal – announcement “ABANDON
SHIP” made by the Master through the P.A. system.
Crew must know the following:
 Location of their own and spare life jackets
 Location of fire alarm controls
 Escape routes
 Consequences of panic

 Know emergency actions

> Each crew member must know what actions to take
when fire alarm or general emergency alarm signal is
sounded.
> When abandon ship has been announced, crew
members need to know key survival techniques, from the
1st emergency signal to arrival on a survival craft.
Know the Main Dangers to
Survivors
 Hypothermia
 Shark
 Hunger
 Dehydration
Types of Emergencies
The ship and the seafarer can encounter many
different types of emergencies. Many of these can be
avoided with care and by knowledge of the potential
dangers.
Fire/ Explosion - can arise due to failure or faculty
operation of equipment, to self ignition caused by
carelessness with open fire or smoking in the bunk.
Collision - can be caused by failure of machine or
rudder,
- inadequate watch keeping or navigational errors.
Grounding or Stranding - can be caused by
miscalculation or wrong selection of sea routes,
carelessness, and non-observance of maritime safety
Leakage – occurs if the ship’s hull, deck or hatches are
damage
Resulting to damping of liquid at sea.
Man-over-board – is caused if someone fell of the
ship.

Abandon Ship
 When all the measures to keep the vessel afloat
have failed and the ship is in sinking condition.
 If its no longer possible to remain aboard
because loss of life could result from heat, smoke,
or some other adverse condition.
The decision to abandon ship is made only by the
Master or Captain.
Personal Preparation Before Abandoning
Ship
 Put on plenty of warm clothing.
 Don your life jacket. Follow donning instructions.
 Keep yourself always dry.
 Go to your muster station in an orderly manner.
 Board lifeboats/life rafts at the embarkation deck.
 Do not jump into the water unless essential
 If it is necessary to enter the water, choose a suitable
place from which to leave the ship.
Points to Remember Before Jumping into the
Water
 Keep life jacket on, secure tied, hold it down by
crossing arms over chest.
 Block off nose and mouth with one hand.
 Keep feet together
 Check below to avoid obstructions
 Look straight ahead, jump feet first
**** Do not look down when jumping as it makes you
unstable likely to fall forward.
Crew Duties to Passengers
Warning the passengers.
Seeing that they are suitably clad and have donned
their life jackets correctly
Assembling the passengers at the muster stations
Keeping order in passageways, on stairways and
generally controlling the movements of the
passengers.
Ensure that a supply of blankets/food is taken to the
survival craft.
Need to Prevent Panic
Ship personnel must act with authority
They must calm down hysterical passengers
They must be assured of safety.
Survival Craft
 A craft capable of sustaining lives of people in
distress from the time of abandoning the ship.
 It may be a life boat or a life raft.

Types of Survival Crafts

Evacuation Slide System - they are installed on
board high- density passenger vessels likely to
have a large number of passengers disembarked
in an emergency.
Lifeboat – a boat carried on davits on a ship for
use by the crew or passengers in an emergency.
Uses of Lifeboat:
 For abandon ship
 For search and rescue
 For transport of equipments and personnel

Types of Lifeboats
1) Open Lifeboat– has no overhead protection
2) Partially Enclosed Lifeboat - have 2 permanently
attached rigid covers, one at each end of the
boat, each covers 20% of the length of the boat.
3) Freefall Lifeboat - designed to be launched by
freefall from its stowed position.
4) Totally Enclosed Lifeboat - provides better protection
against the
cold and the sea than does the open lifeboat.
-It has extra top buoyancy so that it is self-righting.

Life Boat Equipments

 1 set of oars
 1 set of crutches
 2 boat hooks
 1 bailer
 2 buckets
 1 survival manual
 1 compass in binnacle
1 sea anchor
 2 painters  1 f;ash light w/ spare
 2 hatches batteries & bulb
 3 liters of fresh water per  1 signal mirror
person  1 copy of rescue signals
 1 rustproof dipper w/  1 whistle
lanyard  1 medicine chest 4
 1 rust proof graduated  6 doses of anti-sickness
cup medicine per person
 1 ratio of provision w/ at  1 pocket knife w/ lineyard
least 10k kj/person  3 can openers
 4 parachute flares
 2 rescue quoits w/ line
 6 hand flares
 1 manual pump
 2 smoke signals
 1 set of fishing tackle
 1 fire extinguisher
 1 search light
 thermal protection aid
 1 efficient radar reflector
 1 set of tools for minor adjustments of the engine
Life Rafts
 are supplements to lifeboats carried by ocean going
passenger and cargo vessels
 used or employed as secondary means of evacuation,
depending upon the type and size of the ship.
 they are not motorized, easier and and faster to launch
than lifeboats which is critical which is critical during a
crisis when quick action is needed.
Uses of Life Raft
 Support occupants out of the water
 Survival equipment is contained with the life raft
 Protection from the environment

Types of Life Raft

1. Inflatable
2. Rigid
Methods of Launching
1. Throw overboard
2. Davit launched
3. Automatic launched
Rescue Boat
 Designed to rescue persons in distress and to
marshall survival crafts
 It may either be rigid or inflatable
 Passenger ships of 500GT and over shall carry at least
1 rescue boat on each side of the ship.
Personal Life Saving Equipments
1. Lifebuoys- a ring shaped life preserver constructed
of inherently buoyant materials. It is made up of
hard foam, fiberglass and neoprene materials.
Attachments: line, light, and smoke
2. Life Jacket-a life preserver in the form of buoyant
vest. It
is made up of solid foam, kapok, polyethylene materials.
-each life jacket has a whistle and is fitted with light
powered by a sea water activated battery
Types of Life Jacket
1. Rigid
2. Inflatable

3. Immersion Suits- a protective clothing or suit which

reduces the body heat loss of a person wearing it in a
cold water.
Attachment: Life jacket light, whistle
4. Thermal Protective Aids-a bag or suit made up of
water
proof material having a low thermal conductivity. It is
constructed such that when use to enclosed a
person, it shall reduce both the convective and
evaporative heat loss from the wearer’s body.