ANTENNA

SYSTEMS
 ANTENNA
It is a transducer that is used to convert
Radio Frequency signal to an
Electromagnetic wave of the same
frequency.
A metallic device designed to radiate
and receive RF signal.
A passive element.
RADIO > WIRELESS > ANTENNA
ANTENNA

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
STRENGTH OF ANTENNA
DEPENDS ON:
Antenna Current
Length of wire
PHYSICAL VS.
ELECTRICAL LENGTH
PHYSICAL LENGTH: ELECTRICAL LENGTH:

𝑐 2𝜋
𝜆= 𝑙= 𝑆
𝑓 𝜆
 ANTENNA REGIONS

FAR FIELD/ FRAUNHOFER 2𝐷 2

REGION/ RADIATION FIELD- 𝑅>
the radiation pattern does λ
not change shape with the
R- distance from
distance; most important antenna
region of antenna which D- antenna’s linear
determine the radiation dimension
pattern; far from antenna. (diameter)
 ANTENNA REGIONS

REACTIVE NEAR FIELD/

𝐷3
INDUCTION FIELD- 𝑅 < 0.62
Electric and Magnetic 𝜆
fields are out of phase
by 90 degrees by each R- distance from
other; region closest to antenna
antenna. D- antenna’s linear
dimension (diameter)
 ANTENNA REGIONS

RADIATING NEAR FIELD/ 𝐷3 2𝐷 2

FRESNEL REGION/ 0.62 <𝑅<
TRANSITION FIELD- the 𝜆 λ
region between the near
and far field; the shape of R- distance from
the radiation pattern may antenna
vary appreciably with D- antenna’s linear
distance. dimension (diameter)
Determine the distance from a 100 MHz
half wave dipole to the boundary
between the near field and the far field.
a.1.5 m
b.3 m
c.6 m
d.9.5 m
 ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

Graphical depiction of MAIN/FRONT LOBE

the relative field strength
transmitted from or MAX RADIATION
received by the
antenna, usually
SIDE/BACK LOBE
graphically represented
for far field conditions.
MIN RADIATION
ANTENNA GAIN

The idea is to concentrate

the power to a single
direction.
Antenna gain implies
DIRECTIVITY.
 ANTENNA GAIN

DIRECTIVITY 4π𝑃𝑎
GAIN- measure of 𝐺𝑑 =
gain based on the 𝑃𝑟
shape of the Gd- directive gain
antenna radiation Pa- max power
radiated
pattern.
Pr- total power radiated
 ANTENNA GAIN

4π𝑃𝑎
POWER GAIN- 𝐺𝑑 =
similar to Gd but 𝑃𝑛
includes Gd- directive gain
dissipative losses in Pa- max power radiated
Pr- total power radiated
the antenna.
Pn- net power of antenna
 ANTENNA GAIN

Note:
Hertzian Dipole: Gd=1.5 (1.76 dB)
Half-wave Dipole: Gd=1.64 (2.14 dB)
 ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY D

Ability of the antenna 𝑃𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥

to direct RF energy in 𝐷=
a limited direction; 𝑃𝐷
common method for 𝐺 = ɳ𝐷
specifying antenna PD- power density
directivity is ɳ- antenna
beamwidth. efficiency
 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY ɳ

Ratio of the 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

power ɳ=
radiated by 𝑃𝑇𝑥
the antenna to
the power
delivered to 𝐺 = ɳ𝐷
the feed point.
 ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY D

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
𝐼 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
ɳ= ; ɳ=
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑃𝑑𝑖𝑠 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑑𝑖𝑠

𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
ɳ=
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑑𝑖𝑠
ANTENNA BEAMWIDTH ø

Angular displacement
between points on the
main lobe where power
density drops in reference
to -3 dB (half power) point.
An antenna’s beamwidth is measured:
a.From +90 deg to -90 deg
b.From front to back
c.Between half power points
d.Between minor side lobes
RADIATION RESISTANCE

Hypothetical value, if
replaced by an equivalent
resistor, it would dissipate
exactly the same amount
of power.
OHMIC/LOSS RESISTANCE

Actual losses caused by

the conversion of electrical
energy to heat as a result
of the resistivity of various
elements.
Which of the following resistance is the useful part of
the total dissipated power?
a. Resistance due to heat
b. Resistance due to radiation
c. Resistance due to dielectric elements
d. All of the above
In a half wave antenna, if the ohmic resistance
increases, then:
a. It become a very efficient radiator
b. Heat loss will decrease
c. It become a very inefficient radiator
d. Antenna dissipate more energy in the form of
radiation
The impedance of the half wave antenna usually is
considered to be the impedance as seen by the
transmitter at the input terminal. If the antenna is cut
to a length of exact resonance, then:
a. It become inductive
b. It become capacitive
c. Reactance is zero
d. Both reactance and resistance exist
DIRECTIVE GAIN

The ratio of power density

in a particular direction to
power density radiated by
an isotropic antenna.
ANTENNA RECIPROCITY

The same radiation

pattern is used when
transmitting or receiving.
EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER

Transmitter power that

would produce the same
power density in a given
direction.
 EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝐺𝑃𝑇

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 2.14 𝑑𝐵

Antenna-transmitter systems are often
rated in terms of:
a.EIRP
b.Antenna efficiency
c.ERP
d.directivity
The power fed to a two bay turnstile
antenna is 100 W. If the antenna has a
gain of 2 dB, what is the Effective Isotropic
Radiated Power?
a.52 dBm
b.54.14 dBm
c.52 dB
d.54.14 dB
In half wave dipole antenna, stray
capacitance tends to:
a.Lower dielectric constant
b.Increases wave velocity
c.Lowers wave velocity
d.Ends of the antenna are made closer
electrically that they are physically
FRONT-to-BACK RATIO

Ratio between the gains

to the front and back
lobes.
 END EFFECT
Change in wave velocity from stray
capacitance because of the ends of
antenna are made farther apart electrically
than they are physically.

λ 468
=
2 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑀𝐻𝑧
 HALF WAVE DIPOLE /
HERTZIAN DIPOLE
Balanced antenna consisting of two
radiators each a quarter wavelength.
At the center: At the end:
 I is max  I is min
Z is min (73 ohms) Z is max (2.5 kohms)
V is min V is max
The front to back ratio of half wave dipole antenna
is:
a. 0 dB
b. 3 dB
c. 10 dB
d. infinite
 QUARTER WAVE VERTICAL ANTENNA /
MARCONI ANTENNA
Half of a dipole placed vertically, with the
other half of the dipole being the ground.

At the ground: At the top:

 I is max  I is min
Z is min Z is max
V is min V is max
For half wave antenna, end effect is counteracted
by making the:
a. Physical length 5% longer than the electrical
length
b. Physical length 5% shorter than the electrical
length
c. Physical length 5% longer than the original
physical length
d. Electrical length 5% shorter than the original
electrical length
Half wave antenna is the shortest resonant length of
antenna. However, antennas which are 2 or more
half wavelengths can also be resonant. Such
antennas are said to:
a. Operate on harmonics
b. Operate at the same frequencies
c. inductive
d. capacitive
The frequency of operation of a dipole antenna is to
a length of 3.4 m is:
a. 88 MHz
b. 44 MHz
c. 22 MHz
d. 11 MHz
 YAGI UDA ANTENNA

Consist of one active

element (driven element)
and parasitic elements (one
reflector and one or more
director).
Which of the following improves antenna directivity?
a. Driven element
b. Reflector element
c. Director element
d. Parasitic element
 LOG PERIODIC DIPOLE ARRAY

LPDA derives its name from

the fact that the feedpoint
impedance is a periodic
function of the operating
frequency; for broadband
applications.
In LPDA, the upper frequency limit of the antenna is
a function of:
a. Longest element
b. Shortest element
c. Closest to the longest dipole
d. Closest to the shortest dipole
 DISCONE ANTENNA

It is a wide bandwidth with

10:1 frequency range
antenna having
omnidirectional radiation
pattern; used for general
reception of VHF & UHF
 HELICAL ANTENNA
Moderately wide bandwidth
and circular polarization.

2
15𝑁𝑆 π𝐷 52λ λ
𝐺= 3 ø=
λ π𝐷 𝑁𝑆
 HELICAL ANTENNA MODES
Normal (Broadside) mode-
inefficient radiators, typically for
mobile comms where reduced size is
critical.
Axial (end-fire) mode- antenna
produces more circular polarization,
best suited for space comms
A helical antenna with 8 turns is to be constructed
for a frequency of 1.2 GHz. Find the total length of
the antenna.
a. 800 mm
b. 80 mm
c. 500 mm
d. 50 mm
If the frequency of operation for helical antenna is
increased by a factor of 10, then its gain is:
a. Increase by a factor of 10
b. Decrease by a factor of 10
c. Doubled
d. Remain the same
 HORN ANTENNA
Viewed as impedance transformers that
match waveguide impedances to that of
free space.

7.5𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝐻 70λ 56λ

𝐺= 2
ø𝐻 = ø𝐸 =
λ 𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝐸
A pyramidal horn has an aperture of 58 mm in the E
plane and 78 mm in the H plane. It operates at 10
GHz. Calculate its gain and the beamwidth in the H
plane.
a. 15.8 dB, 29 deg
b. 15.8 dB, 26.9 deg
c. 25.8 dB, 26.9 deg
d. 25.8 dB, 29 deg
 PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA

Microwave antenna that consist

of a small antenna at the focal
point of a large parabolic
reflector.
PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA
2 70λ
𝐺λ
𝐴𝐸 = ø=
4π 𝐷
2 2
π𝐷 𝐷
𝐺=ɳ = 5.4
λ λ
Determine the effective area of a 5 GHz antenna
whose gain with respect to an isotropic antenna is
15 dB.
a. 7.25x10^-3 m^2
b. 9.06x10^-3 m^2
c. 7.25x10^-5 m^2
d. 9.06x10^-5 m^2
 ARRAYS

Broadside- max radiation is

perpendicular to the axis of
antenna.
End-fire/Axial- max radiation is
along antenna axis.
An antenna array which is highly directional at right
angles to the plane of the array.
a. Broadside array
b. End-fire array
c. Turnstile array
d. Log periodic array
A parabolic reflector antenna with a diameter of
18.3 m operates at 2.3 GHz for space comms.
Determine the far field distance.
a. 5 km
b. 5.15 km
c. 6 km
d. 6.15 km
An 11 GHz parabolic antenna has a physical
diameter of 15 m. The illumination efficiency is 70%.
Determine the gain.
a. 36.2 dB
b. 54.5 dB
c. 63.2 dB
d. 73.1 dB
At microwave frequencies, it becomes possible to
use reflector antennas because:
a. Higher directivity is required
b. Of the short wavelengths involved
c. Gain must be increased due to low power output
d. It is intended for long distance communications
 ANTENNA FEEDING

Center Fed- simplest type of antenna

feeding using open wire feeders to
the center of the antenna.
End-Fed- Zepp Fed; straight wire
antenna is fed at one end by a two
wire line.
 ANTENNA FEEDING
Current Fed- the feedpoint is at current loop
or antinode, which always occurs at the
midpoint of a half wave length section of
antenna.
Voltage Fed- determined not by physical
position of the transmission line connection to
the antenna but by the fact that voltage loop
occurs on the antenna at the feedpoint.
 ANTENNA LOADING
Base Loading-the connection of a series
inductance or capacitance at the bottom of
a vertical antenna radiator for changing the
resonant frequency.
Center Loading- an inductance or
capacitance is placed along the physical
length of the radiator, approx. halfway
between the feedpoint and the end.
 ANTENNA LOADING

Top Loading- a hat that increases

the length of the antenna to the
edge of the hat and also
increases the capacitance
between the top of the antenna
and the ground.
ARIGATOU ~^ω^~