Communication Networks

• WWW.IEEEPFAIR.COM

• 0332-3469499

• tmalik@neduet.edu.pk
 Important Organizations
• Internet Society (ISOC) –
– Internet SOCiety (ISOC) is a professional
membership society with more than 150
organizational and 6000 individual members in
over 100 countries
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
 Important Organizations
• IEEE 802 –
– The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802
LAN/MAN Standards Committee develops local area network
standards and metropolitan area network standards.
• ITU –
– International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an
international organization within the United Nations
System where governments and the private sector
coordinate global telecom networks and services.
• ATM Forum
 Important Organizations
• ATM Forum –
– ATM (asynchronous transfer mode).
– ATM Forum is an international nonprofit organization
formed with the objective of accelerating the use of ATM
(asynchronous transfer mode) products and services
through a rapid convergence of interoperability
specifications.
 Important Organizations
• International Standards Organization (ISO) –
– is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
from more than 140 countries, one from each country.
– ISO is a nongovernmental organization that promotes the
development of standardization.
– to facilitating the international exchange of goods and
services.
– to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual,
scientific, technological, and economic activity.
Some Terminologies
 Some Terminologies
• Central office (CO)
• A place where telecommunication companies terminate
customer lines and locate switching equipment to
interconnect those lines.
• Customer premises Equipment CPE
• Internet Service Provider ISP
• Network Access Point NAP
• Network Service Provider NSP
• Point of Presence (POP)
• CPE is usually attached to the local loop or “Last
Mile”
• Local loop refers to the path from home to the
Central Office or cable facility.
• The local Loop provider can be the ISP or the
telephone company.
• Often the local loop provider is also the ISP.
• ISP acts as a gateway to the internet.
• ISP provides a unique numeric IP address needed to
communicate with other Internet Hosts.
• Different ISP physically connect to each other via
POPs.
• However NAP are more commonly used for
interconnection.
• NAP is a physical facility that provides the
infrastructure to move data between connected
networks.
• NSPs install a router at the NAP hence connecting
them to the NAP infrastructure.
• NSP equipment is responsible for routing.
• NAP infrastructure provides the physical access
paths between routers.
 Network Protocol Architecture
An introduction
• A protocol architecture is the layered structure
of hardware and software that supports the
exchange of data between systems and
supports distributed applications (such as
electronic mail and file transfer).
• Protocol provides a set of rules for the
exchange of data between systems.
 Network Protocol Architecture
An introduction
• At each layer of a protocol architecture, one or
more common protocols are implemented in
communicating systems.
• An Important protocol architecture is the
seven-layer OSI model.
• Most widely used protocol architecture is the
TCP/IP protocol.
 Network Protocol Architecture
An introduction
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection.
• OSI is a standardized architecture that is often
used to describe communications functions.
• It is now rarely implemented.
 Network Protocol Architecture
An introduction
• Data transfers between machines usually
involve the following general steps,
 source system must either activate the direct data
communication path or inform the
communication network of the identity of the
desired destination.
 source system must first be sure that the
destination system is prepared to receive data.
 The file transfer application on the source system
must determine that the file management
program on the destination system is prepared to
accept and store the transmitted file.
 Network Protocol Architecture
An introduction
• Data transfers between machines usually
involve the following general steps,
 Incase of different file formats used on the two
systems, one or the other system must perform a
format translation function.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model

• Developed by the International Standards

Organization (ISO).

• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection.

• It is a model for a computer protocol

architecture and a framework for developing
protocol standards.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Principles applied to OSI model
 A layer should be created where a different level
of abstraction
 Abstraction = a technique for arranging complexity of
computer systems is needed.
 Each layer performs a well defined function.
 Layer size in terms of functionality should be
chosen wisely.
 Layer boundaries should be well defined.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Consist of SEVEN Layers.
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Application
 Provides access to the OSI environment for users
and also provides distributed information services.
 contains a variety of protocols that are commonly
needed by users.
 Eg. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), other
Protocols for file transfer and electronic mail.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Presentation layer
 Provides independence to the application processes
from differences in data representation (syntax).
 Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information transmitted.
 Not concerned with how bits are moved in the
network.
 E.g. ASCII and Unicode.
• Syntax: Concerns the format of the data blocks.
• Semantics: Includes control information for
coordination and error handling.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Session layer Provides the
 control structure for communication between
applications eg. Dialog control i.e. keeping track of
whose turn it is to transmit e.g. token
management i.e. the side holding the token can
perform the operation.
 establishes, manages, and terminates connections
(sessions) between cooperating applications.
 Check pointing long transmissions to allow them
to continue from where they were after a crash.
 Synchronization. Keeps track of how much a file
was transferred incase connection breaks.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Transport Layer
 Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data
between end points;
 provides end-to-end error recovery and flow
control.
 accept data from higher layers, split it up into
smaller units (if needed), pass these to the
Network layer, and ensure that the pieces all
arrive correctly at destination.
 determines what type of service to provide to the
session layer.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Network Layer
 Provides upper layers with independence from the
data transmission and switching technologies
used to connect systems;
 Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and
terminating connections.
 Responsible for heterogeneous networks to
interconnect.
 Routes can be static or dynamic and are looked up
from a routers routing table.
 In broadcast networks the network layer work is
minimal.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Data Link Layer
 Provides for the reliable transfer of information
across the physical link;
 Sends blocks (frames) with the necessary
synchronization, error control and flow control.
 Keeps a fast transmitter from drowning a slow
receiver in data.
 It contains the medium access control (MAC) sub-
layer.
 Detect errors. Correct data reception results in an
Acknowledgement being sent to source machine.
 Network Protocol Architecture
OSI Model
• Physical Layer
 Concerned with transmission of unstructured bit
stream over physical medium;
 Deals with the mechanical, electrical, functional,
and procedural characteristics to access the
physical medium.
 Eg. Concerned with voltages used for 1’s and 0’s,
Time duration of each bit, full duplex transmission
or half duplex, what each pin in the connector is
used for.
 Circuit Switched Vs Packet Switched
Network
Circuit Switched Packet Switched
Dedicated Path (Copper Yes No
Line)
Bandwidth Available Fixed Variable/Dynamic
Store and Forward Tx No Yes
Each “Packet” Follows Yes No
Same Route
Call Setup Required Not Needed
Possible time of congestion At Call setup time At every packet
Charges/cost Per minute (Time) Per packet/ bytes of data
OSI Model Datagrams