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Mean Range
Percentiles
Median Inter quartile Range
Quartiles
Variance
Mode
Standard Deviation
Weighted Mean
Coefficient of Variation
Measures of Center and Location
Center and Location
xi XW
wx i i
x i 1
n
w i
xi W
wxi i
i 1
N
w i
Mean (Arithmetic Average)
The most common measure of central tendency
Mean = sum of values divided by the number of values
Affected by extreme values (outliers)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean = 3 Mean = 4
1 2 3 4 5 15 1 2 3 4 10 20
3 4
5 5 5 5
Mode
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Mode = 5 No Mode
Weighted Mean
Example: Sample of 26
Repair Projects Weighted Mean Days to Complete:
Days to Frequency
Complete
5 4 XW
wx
i i
(4 5) (12 6) (8 7) (2 8)
6 12
w i 4 12 8 2
164
7 8 6.31 days
26
8 2
Best Measure of Location
$2,000,000
$500 K
500,000
$300 K
300,000
100,000
100,000
$100 K
$100 K
Summary Statistics
Mean: ($3,000,000/5)
House Prices:
= $600,000
$2,000,000
500,000 Median: middle value of
300,000
ranked data
100,000
100,000 = $300,000
Sum 3,000,000
Mode: most frequent value
= $100,000
Method’s Nature of Data
Name Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
Direct
Method
Indirect or
Short-Cut
Method
Method of
Step-
Deviation
Where
Indicates values of the variable .
Indicates number of values of .
Indicates frequency of different groups.
Indicates assumed mean.
Indicates deviation from i.e,
Where
, , and
Km
Explanation:
Here from the mid points (x) it is very much clear
that each mid point is multiple of 5 and there is also a gap
of 10 from mid point to mid point i.e. class size or interval
(h). Keeping in view this, we should prefer to take
method of Step-Deviation instead of Direct Method.
Example
The following frequency distribution showing the
marks obtained by 50 students in statistics at a
certain college. Find the arithmetic mean using (1)
Direct Method (2) Short-Cut Method (3) Step-
Deviation.
Marks
(3) Step-Deviation Method:
Where ;A=54.5 h = 10
60-62 61 5
63-65 64 18
66-68 67 42
69-71 70 27
72-74 73 8
100
Exercise
15 – 20 20 17.5
20 – 25 35 22.5 say is
assumed mean
25- 30 20 27.5
30 – 35 8 32.5
35 -40 6 37.5
100
MEDIAN
MEDIAN
(n/2) - cf
= l + _____________ x h
f
Other Measures of
Location
Percentiles Quartiles
p
i (n 1)
100
Example: The 60th percentile in an ordered array of 19 values is the
value in 12th position:
p 60
i (n 1) (19 1) 12
100 100
Quartiles
25% 25% 25% 25%
Q1 Q2 Q3
(n = 9)
Q1 = 25th percentile, so find the 25 25(9+1) = 2.5 position
100 100
so use the value half way between the 2nd and 3rd values,
so
Q1=12.5
QUARTILES
QUARTILE
i (n/4) - cf
= l + ________________ x h
f
i = 1,2,3
l = lower limit of QUARTILE class interval
cf = cumulative freq of class prior to quartile class
f = freq of quartile class
h = width of quartile class
n = total no of observations
EXERCISE