Tutorial 1

Tutorial 1 GSM:
GSM:Global
Global
o Signal Classification System
Systemfor
formobile
mobile
o Modulation
o Signal
o
Classification communications
communications
o Modulation Access Communications
Multiple
o Duplexing technique
o Multiple Access Communications
o Switching
o Duplexing method
technique
o Mobile Generation
o Switching method
o Cellular
o Mobile Concepts
Generation
o The Handoff problem
o Cellular Concepts
o GSM 900problem
o The Handoff band
o GSM 900 band

2009
 Signals
Signals Signals
Signals

Signals May be

Baseband: The baseband signal is a signal that is not modulated, this signal is usually a low
frequency signal

Passband: The Passband signal is a signal that is applied to a modulation technique, this
frequency usually has a high frequency

Another Classification

Analog Signal: The Analog signal is a signal that can take any value at any time instance (CT)
or at discrete time instants (DT)

Digital Signal: The Digital signal is a signal that takes discrete values at discrete time
instants
 Modulation
Modulation Modulation
Modulation

Modulation: Applying a signal to a mixer (an electronic device) that is multiplied by a

carrier signal (a sinusoidal), thus allowing a frequency shift to a higher frequency
Modulation is divided to:

Analog Modulation technique These are AM (Amplitude modulation), FM (Frequency

modulation), and PM (Phase modulation)

Digital Modulation technique They are Shift Keying modulation. Digital modulation needs
double bandwidth of analog modulation and may encounter quantization errors

mixer

Signal Modulated
Signal

Carrier
 Multipleaccess
accesstechnique
technique Multiple
Multiple
Multiple access
access

Types of communications:

Channel Communications: Only one user per resource, this means that no access by more
than user for a resource
Multiple access Communications: They are methods to apply multiple access for users on
the available resources

Types of multiple access:

1 – FDMA: Frequency division multiple access, this means that the frequency resource is
divided among users, each user has a certain band of frequencies of the available band

Band width divided among

f users

t The band available for the users

all the time
 Multipleaccess
accesstechnique
technique Multiple
Multiple
Multiple access
access

2 – TDMA: Time division multiple access, this means that the time resource is divided
among users, each user has all frequencies at the available period of time

t All frequencies are available for

users at certain periods of time
f f
The GSM uses a hybrid system mixing both
FDMA and TDMA. A certain frequency
Time
band is available for users at certain
Slot
periods of time, the unit is a time slot

f
t
t
 Multipleaccess
accesstechnique
technique Multiple
Multiple
Multiple access
access

3 – CDMA: Code division multiple access, Same time and frequency, all band available at all
the time, but each user has a code to receive the signal. The Signal is then multiplied by
that code to be decoded and encoded.
Data
(Low rate of
change is low The Rate is the
frequency) time dedicated
for a single bit
Code
(High rate of
change is High
frequency)

The Process of Multiplying the data by a code leads to the Spreading, which enlarges
the band width
 Multipleaccess
accesstechnique
technique Multiple
Multiple
Multiple access
access

Spreading: To hide the signal in order to not be detected by frequency synthesizers by

portioning the signal among more frequencies (wider band width corresponding to high
time domain rate). Spreading characterizes CDMA.

Coding
(Spreading)
Transmitter
Transmitter

Code

Code
Receiver
Receiver
decoding
(despreading)
 Duplexingtechnique
Duplexing technique Duplexing
Duplexing
technique
technique

The Duplexing technique is the way of dividing the resources between the sender and
receiver.

FDD
FDD TDD
TDD
Frequency Division Duplex Time Division Duplex
Frequency Division Duplex Time Division Duplex

The frequency of sending is not The Uplink frequency is the

like the frequency of receiving. same as the downlink frequency
Uplink frequency is not equal to but sending and receiving is at
the downlink frequency. different time instances.
The wireless technologies need to operate at the pass-band and not in the base-band,
because the pass-band is of higher frequencies and so the lengths of the antennas
become small (low profile antenna), as the length of antennas is directly proportional to
the wave length
 Switchingtechnique
Switching technique Switching
Switching
technique
technique

The Switching technique decides the method of pricing (by time or by volume)

Circuit
CircuitSwitching
Switching Packet
PacketSwitching
Switching

Allocating a whole path

Packets are ordered and sent in
between the source and
different non-fixed paths,
destination, Like phone calls,
pricing is by number of packets
where the pricing is by time of
used
usage

GSM uses Circuit Switching