ES 211: Thermodynamics

Tutorial 5 & 6
 Q1.
• An 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant-134a at a pressure
of 160 kPa. Determine (a) the temperature, (b) the quality, (c)
the enthalpy of the refrigerant, and (d) the volume occupied
by the vapor phase.
a) Refrigerant compressed liquid or saturated mixture region??
Finding specific volume first:

At 160 kPa, per kg,

Saturated mixture region!

T = Tsat @ 160 kPa = -15.60 oC
b) Quality

x = 0.157
c) At 160 kPa find hf and hfg
h= 64.2 kJ/kg
d) Mass of the vapor
mg= xmf = (0.157)(4 kg) = 0.628 kg
Volume ocupied
Vg = mgvg = (0.628)(0.12348 m3/kg) = 0.775 m3 (or 77.5 L)
Rest volume (2.5 L) occupied by liquid.
 Q2.
• A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water
vapor that is maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A
resistance heater within the cylinder is turned on and passes a
current of 0.2 A for 5 min from a 120-V source. At the same
time, a heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs. (a) Show that for a closed
system the boundary work Wb and the change in the internal
energy ∆U in the first-law relation can be combined into one
term, ∆H for a constant pressure process. (b) Determine the
final temperature of the steam.
a) Energy balance
Ein  Eout  Esystem
Q  W  U  KE  PE

Q  Wother  Wb  U 2  U 1
For constant pressure process, the boundary work becomes
Wb  P 0(V 2  V 1)
Substitution gives:
Q  Wother  P 0(V 2  V 1)  U 2  U 1
However,
P 0  P 2  P1  Q  Wother  (U 2  P 2V 2)  (U 1  P1V 1)
Therefore,

Q  Wother  H 2  H 1
b) Determining the electrical work
We  VIt  (120V )(0.2 A)(300s) / 1000  7.2kJ
Initial state: P1=300 kPa, h1=hg at 300kPa = 2724.9 kJ/kg
For h2, using equation derived in part (a)

We, in  Qout  H  m(h 2  h1)

7.2kJ  3.7kJ  (0.025kg)( h 2  2724.9)kJ / kg

Final state: P2=300 kPa, h2=2864.9 kJ/kg, T2= 200 oC

 Q3
• A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially,
one side of the tank contains 5 kg of water at 200 kPa and 25 oC and
the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and the
water expands into the entire tank. The water is allowed to
exchange heat with its surrounding until the temperature in the
tank returns to the initial value of 25 oC. Determine (a) the volume
of the tank, (b) the final pressure, and (c) the heat transfer for this
process.
a) Initially the water in the tank exists as a compressed liquid since its
pressure (200 kPa) is greater than the saturation pressure at 25 oC
(3.1698 kPa). Approximating the compressed liquid as a saturated
liquid at the given temperature, we find
 1  f @ 25oC  0.001003m3 / kg  0.001m3 / kg
Then, initial volume of water is
V 1  mv1  (5kg)(0.001m3 / kg)  0.005m3
The total volume of the tank is twice this amount
V tan k  0.01m3
b) At the final state, specific volume of water is
V 2 0.01m3
v2    0.002m3 / kg
At 25 oC m 5kg
vf  0.001003m3 / kg
vg  43.340m3 / kg
The water therefore is a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. Thus the
pressure is saturation pressure at 25 oC
 P2  Psat @ 25oC  3.1698kPa
c) The energy balance on the system can be expressed as

Qin  U  m(u 2  u1)

Even though the water is expanding during the process, the system involves
fixed boundaries only therefore the moving boundary work is zero.
u1  uf @ 25oC  104.83kJ / kg
Quality at the final state is determined from the specific volume
information: v2  vf 0.002  0.001
x2  
vfg 43.34  0.001
X2=2.3 ×10-5
Then
u 2  uf  x 2ufg
Substituing:

Qin  (5kg)[(104.88  104.83)kJ / kg]  0.25kJ

 Q4
Determine the missing properties and the phase description in the
following table for water:

oC Phase
T, P, kPa U, kJ/kg x
description

(a) 200 0.6

(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
a) Quality x=0.6 (given). Therefore we have saturated liquid-vapor
mixture at a pressure of 200 kPa. Then the temperature must be
the saturation temperature at the given pressure:
T  Tsat@ 200kPa  120.21o C
Read uf and ufg at 200 kPa. Then the average internal energy:
u  u f  xu fg  1719.26kJ / kg
b) At 125 oC we read the uf=524.83 kJ/kg and ug=2534.3 kJ/kg
Since given value of u=1600 we have a liquid-vapor mixture. Therefore,
the pressure must be the saturation pressure at the given
temperature
P  Psat@125o C  232.23kPa
Quality:
u uf
x  0.535
u fg
c) At 1 MPa we have uf=761.39 kJ/kg and ug=2582.8 kJ/kg.
The specified u value is 2950 kJ/kg. Therefore we have superheated
vapor and the temperature at this state is determined by
interpolation to be
T=395.2 oC
d) At given pressure 500 kPa, we have Tsat=151.83 oC. Comparing the
given T value to this Tsat value tells us that we have compressed
liquid.
The given pressure is much lower than the lowest pressure value in the
compressed liquid table therefore, we are justified to treat the
compressed liquid as saturated liquid at the given temperature:
u  u f @ 75o C  313.99kJ / kg
e) Quality given is zero thus we have a saturated liquid at the given
pressure of 850 kPa. Temperature thus must be the saturation
temperature at the given pressure, and the internal energy must
have the saturated liquid value:
T  Tsat@850kPa  172.94o C u  u f @ 850kPa  731.00kJ / kg
 Q5
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW and the inlet
and the exit conditions of the steam are as indicated in figure
below:
(a) Compare the magnitudes of ∆h, ∆ke and ∆pe
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the
steam flowing through the turbine
(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.
a) At the inlet, steam is in a superheated vapor state, and its enthalpy
is
P1=2 Mpa, T1=400 oC giving h1=3248.4 kJ/kg
At the turbine exit, we obviously have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture
at 15 kPa pressure. The enthalpy at this state is
h2  h f  x2 h fg  [225.94  (0.9)( 2372.3)]  2361.01kJ / kg
Then
h  h2  h1  887.39kJ / kg
V  V1
2 2
ke  2  14.95kJ / kg
2
pe  g ( z2  z1 )  0.04kJ / kg
b) The energy balance for this steady flow system can be expressed as
Ein  E out  dEsystem / dt  0

E in  E out
 V1 2 . V2 2
m (h1   gz1 )  W out  m (h2   gz 2 )
2 2

The work done per unit mass of the steam is determined to be

wout  872.48kJ / kg

c) The required mass flow rate for a 5-MW power output is

W out 5000kJ / s
m    5.73kg / s
wout 872.48kJ / kg
 Problem 6
• In a shower system where water at 600C is
mixed with cold water at 100C. If it is desired
that a steady stream of warm water at 450C be
supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow
rates of the hot to cold water. Assume heat
loss is negligible and mixing to take place at a
pressure at 150 kPa.