Applied Electrical and

Electronics Engineering
Drives
 DRIVE
• A well developed machine consists of three main parts
– Prime-mover (engine, turbine or motor),
– Transmission system (shaft, pulleys, belt or chain)
– Working machine (lathe, locomotive etc.).
• The function of first two parts (i.e. the prime-mover with its
control and transmission system) are to impart motion to
operate the working machine. - to provide the necessary
motion to the working machine. The common term used for
these two parts is called drive.
• The combination of prime-mover with its controls and
transmission system is termed as drive.
• Depending upon the power used in a system, the drives may be
divided into two categories i.e. mechanical drive and electric
drive.
• Mechanical drives: The drives in which diesel engine or
turbine (water, steam or gas turbines) is used with some
suitable transmission system are known as mechanical drives.
Hydro, thermal and nuclear power stations and all types of
diesel automobiles are the live examples where mechanical
drives are employed.

• Electric drives: The drives in which electric motors (dc or ac)

are used along with some suitable transmission system are
known as electric drives. Almost all the industrial operations
are the live examples where electric drives are employed. In
very simple words, the systems which control the motion of
the electrical machines, are known as electrical drives.
 Electric Drive
• Electromechanical device (electric motor) for converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy to impart motion
through transmission system to different machines and
mechanisms for various types of process control.
• applications in diverse areas such as industry, transportation,
agriculture and domestic.
– imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and warehouses.
– lifting goods by hoists and cranes.
– running excavators and escalators, electric locomotives, trains, cars,
trolley buses and lifts etc.
– driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps, etc.
Electric Drive
 Advantages of Electric Drives
• Low initial as well as maintenance cost.
• Available in wide range of speed torque and
power.
• Easy and smooth control.
• More simple and clean operation.
• Lower noise.
• They can have remote controls.
• Electric energy is easy to transport.
 Disadvantages
• Electric drive system can only be employed if the
area is electrified.
• There is every possibility of short circuit, leakage
from conductors and breakdown of overhead
conductors. This may lead to fatal accidents.
• Failure of supply for a few minutes may shutdown
the whole system.
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• GROUP DRIVE

• INDIVIDUAL DRIVE

• MULTIMOTOR DRIVE
 GROUP DRIVE
Consists of only one electric motor which drives
several machines.
A drive in which a single electric motor (or diesel
engine) drives a line shaft by which an entire
group of working machines are further operated
is called a group drive.
line shaft drive
ADVANTAGE:
• Low initial cost- Economical at the initial stage as
cost of motors and control gears is low
GROUP DRIVE
 DISADVANTAGES:

• The breakdown in single drive stops the whole unit which

causes serious loss of production.
• Huge loss of power in the main shaft while transmitting
power to other machines. This reduces efficiency
• The efficiency and power factor in case of group drive are
very poor if all the machines do not work at the same time
because in that case the main motor is partially loaded
• The space cannot be utilised properly
• The machines have to be placed along the main shaft, this
restricts the layout of machines.
• The control of machines in the hands of operators is
limited.
 INDIVIDUAL DRIVE
• If a single motor is used to drive a single machine and all the
mechanisms belonging to the same machine.
• In this type of drive, each machine and tool is driven by a separate
motor.
• A drive in which each working machine is operated by a
separate motor is called an individual drive.

• ADVANTAGE:
The operator has complete control of his machine; he can start, stop
or vary the speed of his motor as and when required. It can be
placed in any desired position.
 MULTIMOTOR DRIVE
• In this drive system, there are several drives, each of
which serves to actuate one of the working parts of
the driven mechanism.
• In other words, a multi-motor drive consists of
several individual drives each one of which serves to
operate one of many working machines or
mechanism in a production unit.
• Applications:
Complicated metal cutting machine tools, paper
making machines, rolling mills, electric trains etc.
The drives of a crane can also be considered as an
example of a multi-motor drive system. This type
of multi-motor drive incorporates three drives:
first for vertical movement, second for side
movement, and third for forward movement of the
load.
 CHOICE OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
(i) Steady state operation requirements: Nature of speed torque
characteristics, speed regulation, speed range, efficiency, duty
cycle, quadrants of operation, speed fluctuations if any.
ratings.
(ii) Transient operation requirements: Values of acceleration and
deceleration. starting, braking and reversing performance.
(iii) Requirements related to the source: Type of source, and its
capacity, magnitude of voltage, voltage fluctuations, power
factor, harmonics and their effect on other loads. ability to
accept regenerated power.
(iv) Capital and running cost, maintenance needs, life.
(v) Space and weight restrictions if any.
(vi) Environment and location.
(vii) Reliability.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF
DRIVE
• Limit of Speed Range
• Efficiency
• Braking
• Starting Requirements
• Power Factor
• Load Factor
• Availability of Supply
• Economical Aspects
 SELECTION OF MOTOR BASED
ON LOAD VARIATION
• Continuous Load
• Continuous Variable Load
• Pulsating Load
• Impact Loads
• Short Time Intermittent Load
• Short Time Load
 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• Traction systems
• Lifts, cranes, electric car, etc.
• Steel and plastic rolling mills, textile and paper mills, printing
presses and machine tools, etc.
• Cutting, milling, drilling, grinding, punching, pressing, clipping and
other operations of machine tools and industrial installations
• Flight and landing control systems of aircrafts and in propulsion
systems of ships and submarines for cruising underwater.
• Today the applications of electric drives are as broad and vast as
industrialization itself.
• They provide power outputs from several tenths of watt in recording
and controlling instruments to several thousand kilowatt in electric
locomotives and rolling mills.
• The speed of drives ranges from creeping to several thousands of
rpm.