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Transistor
Sr.Lecturer:
Uday Kr.Rai
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ST11 – Transistor
Introduction
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ST11 – Transistor
Introduction
• We have discussed
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ST11 – Transistor
Transistor
• Two basic types of transistors, which differ in construction and usage (but
not in main purpose)
– bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
– field effect transistors (FETs)
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ST11 – Transistor
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
• Called bipolar because conduction channel uses both majority and minority
carriers for main electric current
– first type of transistor to be commercially mass-produced
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ST11 – Transistor
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
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ST11 – Transistor
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
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ST11 – Transistor
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
• Principle of work – focus on NPN variety (real current direction) We apply a moderate
voltage between C and
B ->
C positive with respect
to B
- polarity of voltage
chosen to increase
force pulling the N-type
electrons and P-type
holes apart….
In the absence of any externally applied electric field, we …reverse-biased the B-C diode junction - widens the
find that depletion zones form at both PN-Junctions, so depletion zone between C and B and so no current will
no charge wants to move from one layer to another flow
We apply E-B
Most (but not
voltage whose
all!) the
polarity is designed
electrons that
to forward-bias the
get into B
E-B junction. This
move straight
'pushes' electrons
on into the
from the E into the
C,...
B region, ...
... and sets up a current flow across the E-B boundary. ... provided the C voltage is positive enough to draw them
Once the electrons have managed to get into the B region out of the B region. That said, some of the electrons get
they can respond to the attractive force from the 'lost' on the way across the Base.
positively-biased C region. 8
ST11 – Transistor
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
– To prevent this happening we use the applied E-B voltage to remove the
captured electrons from the Base and maintain the number of holes it
contains.
– only about 1% of the free electrons get lost in Base => we see a Base
Current, IB, which is typically around 100 smaller than the Emitter
Current, IE 9
ST11 – Transistor
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
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ST11 – Transistor
Hydraulic analogy of a transistor
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ST11 – Transistor
Hydraulic analogy of a transistor
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ST11 – Transistor
Transistor (BJT) as an electronic element
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Transistor (BJT) as an electronic element ST11 – Transistor
In a real transistor:
• yellow shaded area represents the 'cut-off' region:
– zero input base current, zero output collector current; and
– maximum (supply rail) collector voltage.
• Our model:
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ST11 – Transistor
Transistor (BJT) as an electronic element
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ST11 – Transistor
Transistor (BJT) as an electronic element
• For the npn transistor, there is a voltage drop from the base to the emitter of
0.6 V. In terms of operation, this means that the base voltage VB of an npn transistor must be at
least 0.6 V greater that the emitter voltage VE; otherwise, the transistor will not pass
emitter-to-collector current.
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ST11 – Transistor
Measuring (testing) transistors
For some transistors, the pin function can be identified from packaging:
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ST11 – Transistor
Measuring (testing) transistors
But sometimes, we have to measure: Set a digital multimeter to diode test and
an analogue multimeter to a low resistance range such as × 10, as
described above for testing a diode.
• Test each pair of leads both ways (six tests in total):
• The base-emitter (BE) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one
way only.
• The base-collector (BC) junction should behave like a diode and conduct
one way only.
• The collector-emitter (CE) should not conduct either way.
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ST11 – Transistor
FET transistors
• The FET is a three terminal device like the BJT, but operates by a different
principle.
• The three terminals are called the source, drain, and gate.
• The voltage applied to the gate controls the current flowing in the source-
drain channel.
• No current flows through the gate electrode, thus the gate is essentially
insulated from the source-drain channel.
• Because no current flows through the gate, the input impedance of the FET
is extremely large (in the range of 1010–1015 Ω). The large input impedance of the
FET makes them an excellent choice for amplifier inputs.
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ST11 – Transistor
Transistor construction
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ST11 – Transistor
Basic circuits
Vi - Vbe = Vo
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ST11 – Transistor
Common emitter amplifier
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ST11 – Transistor
Common emitter amplifier
Amplification factor:
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ST11 – Transistor
Common emitter amplifier
• For practical applications, this simplest form of the common emitter amplifier
is rarely used; something like below is more common:
• common emitter amplifier also has equivalent input resistance (looking into
the base):
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ST11 – Transistor
Current source and current mirror
Current mirror
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ST11 – Transistor
Astable multivibrator
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ST11 – Transistor
Differential amplifier
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ST11 – Transistor
Sensing application - Phototransistor
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