CONTROLLINGPREPARED BY:

EMMANUEL JOHN MILLARES

JUSTIN DAVID MIŇA
ARMEL OBSEQUIO
FRANCES CATHERINE A. ORENSE
BSCE 3C
Controlling 2

• A process of monitoring performance and taking action to

ensure desired results.
• It sees to it that the right things happen, in the right ways,
and at the right time.
• Done well, it ensures that the overall directions of
individuals and groups are consistent with short and long
range plans.
• It helps ensure that objectives and accomplishments are
consistent with one another throughout an organization.
• It helps maintain compliance with essential organizational
rules and policies.
The Control Process 3
Establish Objectives and 4

Standards

 The control process begins with planning and the

establishment of performance objectives.

 Performance objectives are defined and the standards

for measuring them are set.
Establish Objectives and 5

Standards
There are two types of standards:

 Output Standards - measures performance results in

terms of quantity, quality, cost, or time.

 Input Standards - measures work efforts that go into a

performance task.
Measuring Actual 6

Performance

 Measurements must be accurate enough to spot

deviations or variances between what really
occurs and what is most desired.

 Without measurement, effective control is not

possible.
Comparing Results with 7

Objectives and Standards

 Once actual performance has been determined,

this will be compared with what the organization
seeks to achieve.

 The comparison of actual performance with

desired performance establishes the need for
action.
Taking Corrective Action 8

 Taking any action necessary to correct or improve

things.
 Management-by-Exception focuses managerial
attention on substantial differences between actual and
desired performance.
 Management- by Exception can save the managers
time, energy, and other resources, and concentrates
efforts on areas showing the greatest need.
 There are two types of exceptions:
 Problems - below standard
 Opportunities - above standard
Effective Controls 9

The Best Controls in Organizations are

 Strategic and results oriented

 Understandable
 Encourage self-control
 Timely and exception oriented
 Positive in nature
 Fair and objective
 Flexible
Types of Control 10
Types of Control 11

Preliminary

Sometimes called the feedforward controls, they are

accomplished before a work activity begins.

They make sure that proper directions are set and that
the right resources are available to accomplish them.
Types of Control 12

Concurrent

 Focus on what happens during the work

process. Sometimes called steering controls, they
monitor ongoing operations and activities to
make sure that things are being done correctly.
Types of Control 13

Post action

 Sometimes called feedback controls, they take

place after an action is completed. They focus
on end results, as opposed to inputs and
activities.
Types of Controls 14

Managers have two broad options with respect to

control.

 They can rely on people to exercise self-control

(internal) over their own behavior.
 Alternatively, managers can take direct action
(external) to control the behavior of others.
Types of Control 15

Internal Controls

 Allows motivated individuals to exercise self-control

in fulfilling job expectations.

 The potential for self-control is enhanced when

capable people have clear performance objectives
and proper resource support.
Types of Control 16

External Controls

 it occurs through personal supervision and the use

of formal administrative systems.

 Performance appraisal systems, compensation and

benefit systems, employee discipline systems, and
management-by-objectives.
Components of 17

Organizational Control
 strategic plan
 The long range financial plan
 The operating budget
 Performance appraisals
 Statistical reports
 Policies and procedures
Components of 18

Organizational Control
 STRATEGIC PLAN- provides the basic control
mechanism for the organization. When there are
indications that activities do not facilitate the
accomplishment of strategic goals, these
activities are either set aside, modified or
expanded.
Components of 19

Organizational Control
 THE LONG RANGE FINANCIAL PLAN
- the planning horizon differs from the company
to company. Most firms will be satisfied with one
year. Engineering firms, however, will require long
term financial plans. This is because of the long lead
times needed for capital projects.

Eg. An engineering firm assigned to construct the

Light Rail Transit (LRT) within three years. As such, the
three-year financial plan will be vey useful.
Components of 20

Organizational Control
 The Operating Budget
indicates the expenditures, revenues, or profits
planned for some future period regarding operations.
The figures appearing in the budget are used as
standard measurements for performance.
Components of 21

Organizational Control

 PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS
measures employee performance. It
provides employee with a guide on how to do their
jobs better in the future. Performance appraisals also
function as effective checks on new policies and
programs.

E.g if a new equipment has been scquired for the

use of an employee, it would be useful to findout if it
had a positive effect on his performance.
Components of 22

Organizational Control
 Statistical Reports
pertain to those that contain data various
developments within the firm. Among the information
which may be found in a statistical report pertains to
the following:
1. Labor efficiency rate
2. Quality control rejects
3. Accounts receivable