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Determinants
Introduction
2 1 2 1
A det( A)
0 3 0 3
Determinants
※ The determinant is NOT a matrix operation
※ The determinant is a kind of information
extracted from a square matrix to reflect some
characteristics of that square matrix
※ The motives to calculate determinants are to
identify the characteristics of matrices and thus
facilitate the comparison between matrices
since it is impossible to investigate or compare
matrices entry by entry
and
To solve simultaneous algebraic equations
using determinants.
Determinants
3.
Determinants
a11 a12
If A = is a square matrix of order 2, then
a a
21 22
a11 a12
|A| = = a11a22 – a21a12
a21 a22
Note:
1. For every SQUARE matrix, there is a real number associated with this
matrix and called its determinant
2. It is common practice to omit the matrix brackets
Determinants
• Historically speaking, the use of determinants
arose from the recognition of special patterns
that occur in the solutions of linear systems:
a11 x1 a12 x2 b1
a21 x1 a22 x2 b2
b1a22 b2 a12 b2 a11 b1a21
x1 and x2
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12
Note:
1. x1 and x2 have the same denominator, and this quantity is called
the determinant of the coefficient matrix A
2. There is a unique solution if a11a22 – a21a12 = |A| ≠ 0
Determinants
3.
Example
4 -3
Solution : = 4 × 5 - 2 × -3 = 20 + 6 = 26
2 5
Determinants
• Ex. 1: The determinant of a matrix of
order 2
2 3
2(2) 1(3) 4 3 7
1 2
2 1
2(2) 4(1) 4 4 0
4 2
0 3/ 2
0(4) 2(3 / 2) 0 3 3
2 4
Determinants
3.7
Def: Minors
Example Find M 23 , M 32 , M 33 ,
1 0 2
A 4 3 1
3 5 1
Determinants
1 0 2
A 4 3 1 1 2
3 5 1 M 32
4 1
1 0 1 0
M 23 M 33
3 5 4 3
Determinants
Minors
-1 4
If A = , then
2 3
Determinants
Minors
4 7 8
If A = -9 0 0 , then
2 3 4
4 7
Similarly, M23 = Minor of a23 = =12 -14 = -2
2 3
4 8
M32 = Minor of a32 = = 0+72 = 72 etc.
-9 0
Determinants
Cofactors
Determinants
Cofactors
Definition 1: Given a matrix A, a minor is the
determinant of any square submatrix of A.
Definition 2: Given a matrix A=[aij] , the cofactor of
the element aij is a scalar obtained by multiplying
together the term (-1)i+j and the minor obtained from
A by removing the ith row and the jth column.
In other words, the cofactor Cij is given by Cij =
(1)i+jMij.
For example,
a11 a12 a13
A a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
Determinants
Expansion by Cofactors
To find the determinant of a matrix A of arbitrary order,
a) Pick any one row or any one column of the matrix;
b) For each element in the row or column chosen, find its
cofactor;
c) Multiply each element in the row or column chosen by its
cofactor and sum the results. This sum is the determinant of
the matrix.
In other words, the determinant of A is given by
ith row
expansion
jth column
expansion
Determinants
Cofactors
4 7 8
A = -9 0 0
2 3 4
0 0
C11 = Cofactor of a11 = (–1)1 + 1 M11 = (–1)1 +1 =0
3 4
4 7
C23 = Cofactor of a23 = (–1)2 + 3 M23 = 2
2 3
4 8
C32 = Cofactor of a32 = (–1)3 + 2M32 = - = - 72 etc.
-9 0
Determinants
Example 1: 1 2 3
We can compute the determinant
T 4 5 6
7 8 9
by expanding along the first row,
5 6 1 2 4 6 13 4 5
T 1 2 3
11
3 12 9 0
8 9 7 9 7 8
4 6 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
T 2 5 8
1 2
12 60 48 0
7 9 7 9 4 6
1 5 0
23 1 5
2 1 1 1 16
3 1
3 1 0
Determinants
Example
Solution :
[Expanding along first row]
2 3 -5
1 -2 7 -2 7 1
7 1 -2 =2 -3 + -5
4 1 -3 1 -3 4
-3 4 1
= 2 1 + 8 - 3 7 - 6 - 5 28 + 3
= 18 - 3 - 155
= -140
Determinants
• Evaluate the determinant of the
following matrix:
0 4 0 3
1 1 5 2 With three 0’s in the third column, we
will expand along the third column.
1 2 0 6
3 0 0 1
0 4 0 3
0 4 3
1 1 5 2 23
A ( 1) (5) 1 2 6
1 2 0 6
3 0 1
3 0 0 1
Determinants
• We are evaluating the determinant
0 4 0 3
0 4 3
1 1 5 2
A (1) 23 (5) 1 2 6
1 2 0 6
3 0 1
3 0 0 1
2 6 4 3 4 3
(1)(5) 0 1 3
0 1 0 1 2 6
(5)[(1)(4) 3(18)] 5(50) 250
Determinants
0 2 1
A 3 1 2 det( A) ?
4 0 1
Sol:
1 2 1 2 3 2
11
C11 (1) 1 C12 (1) (1)(5) 5
0 1 4 1
1 3 3 1
C13 (1) 4
4 0
det( A) a11C11 a12C12 a13C13
(0)( 1) (2)(5) (1)( 4)
14
Determinants 3.20
Determinants
Find the value of the following determinants
A B
= =
C D
= =
Determinants
Properties of Determinants
1. The value of a determinant remains unchanged, if its
rows and columns are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
a2 b2 c2 = b1 b2 b3 i.e. A A '
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2 = - a1 b1 c1 Applying R2 R1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
Determinants
Properties (Con.)
Determinants
Properties (Con.)
Determinants
Properties (Con.)
Determinants
Properties (Con.)
a 0 0
8 Let A = 0 b 0 be a diagonal matrix, then
0 0 c
a 0 0
A =0 b 0 abc
0 0 c
Determinants
Prop 1: interchanging two rows or column
Row and
columns)
Column Properties
2 0 0 3 2 3 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
Example
A 0 0 1
7 3 5 B
4 7 5 3 4
6 2 2 4
6 4 2 2
det A det B
Example 2 0 0 3 6 2 2 4
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
A C
7 4 3 5 7 4 3 5
6 2 2 4 2 0 0 3
Determinants
det A det C
Row and Column Properties
Prop 2: two rows (or columns) are identical
Example 2 3 0 3
0
B
7
1 0 1 det B 0
5 3 5
6 4 2 4
Example 6 2 2 4
0 1 0
det C 0
0
C
7 4 3 5
6 2 2 4
Determinants
Row and
Prop 3: Column
(k) i-th Properties
row + j-th row (k) i-th col + j-th col
2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
Example A B
7 4 3 5 7 4 3 13
6 2 2 4 6 2 2 8
det A det B
Example 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3
0 1 0 0 0 5
A 0 0
7 3 5 B
4 7 20 3 5
6 2 2 4
6 10 2 4
det B (5) det A
Example 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
A C
7 4 3 5 7 4 3 5
6 2 2 4 18 6 6 12
Determinants
det C (3) det A
Prop 5: i-th row B = i-th row A1 + i-th row
Row and Column Properties
A2
Example
2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
B A1 A2
7 4 3 5 7 4 3 5 7 4 3 5
18 6 6 12 12 4 4 10 6 2 2 2
2 2 1 3
Example 0 1 2 9
A =(2)(-
0 0 3 5 1)(3)(4)=-24
0 0 0 4
Determinants
• Determinant of a Triangular Matrix
3.34 Determinants
Row(Column) Operations
Determinants
Evaluation of Determinants
x 5 2
For example, if Δ = x2 9 4 , then at x = 2
x3 16 8
Determinants
Example-1
Find the value of the following determinants
(i) (ii)
Solution :
42 1 6 6×7 1 6
i 28 7 4 = 4×7 7 4
14 3 2 2×7 3 2
6 1 6
=7 4 7 4 Taking out 7 common from C1
2 3 2
(ii)
3 2 3 2
1 2 1 2
5 2 5 2
3 3 2
( 2) 1 1 2 Taking out 2 common from C1
5 5 2
( 2) 0 C1 and C2 are identical
0
Determinants
Example - 2
Evaluate the determinant
Solution :
1 a b+c 1 a a+b+c
1 b c+a = 1 b a+b+c Applying c3 c2 +c3
1 c a+b 1 c a+b+c
1 a 1
= a+b+c 1 b 1 Taking a+b+c common from C3
1 c 1
Determinants
Example - 3
Solution:
a b c
We have a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
(a-b) b- c c
= (a-b)(a+b) (b- c)(b+c) c2 Applying C1 C1 -C2 and C2 C2 - C3
-c(a-b) -a(b- c) ab
1 1 c
Taking a-b and b - c common
=(a-b)(b - c) a+b b+c c2
from C and C respectively
-c -a ab 1 2
Determinants
Solution Cont.
0 1 c
=(a-b)(b - c) -(c - a) b+c c2 Applying c1 c1 - c2
-(c - a) -a ab
0 1 c
=-(a-b)(b - c)(c - a) 1 b+c c2
1 -a ab
0 1 c
= -(a-b)(b - c)(c - a) 0 a+b+c c2 - ab Applying R 2 R 2 -R 3
1 -a ab
Determinants
Example-4
Without expanding the determinant,
prove that
Solution :
3x+y 2x x 3x 2x x y 2x x
L.H.S = 4x+3y 3x 3x = 4x 3x 3x + 3y 3x 3x
5x+6y 4x 6x 5x 4x 6x 6y 4x 6x
3 2 1 1 2 1
= x3 4 3 3 + x2 y 3 3 3
5 4 6 6 4 6
3 2 1
= x3 4 3 3 + x2 y×0 C1 and C2 are identical in II determinant
5 4 6
Determinants
Solution Cont.
3 2 1
= x3 4 3 3
5 4 6
1 2 1
= x3 1 3 3 Applying C1 C1 - C2
1 4 6
1 2 1
= x3 0 1 2 Applying R2 R2 -R1 and R 3 R 3 -R 2
0 1 3
Determinants
Example -5
Solution :
1 ω3 ω5 1 ω3 ω3 .ω2
L.H.S = ω3 1 ω4 = ω3 1 ω3 .ω
ω5 ω5 1 ω3 .ω2 ω3.ω2 1
1 1 ω2
= 1 1 ω ω3 =1
ω2 ω2 1
Determinants
Example-6
Prove that :
Solution :
x+a b c x+a+b+c b c
L.H.S= a x+b c = x+a+b+c x+b c
a b x+C x+a+b+c b x+c
Applying C1 C1 +C2 +C3
1 b c
= x+a+b+c 1 x+b c
1 b x+c
Taking x+a+b+c common from C1
Determinants
Solution cont.
1 b c
=(x+a+b+c) 0 x 0
0 0 x
Applying R 2 R 2 -R1 and R 3 R 3 -R1
Determinants
Example -7
Using properties of determinants, prove that
Solution :
b+c c+a a+b
L.H.S= c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c+a
1 1 1
=2(a+b+c) c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c+a Determinants
Solution Cont.
0 0 1
=2(a+b+c) (c -b) (a- c) b+c Applying C1 C1 - C2 and C2 C2 - C3
(a- c) (b - a) c+a
Determinants
Example - 8
Using properties of determinants prove that
Solution :
x+4 2x 2x 5x+4 2x 2x
L.H.S = 2x x+4 2x = 5x+4 x+4 2x Applying C1 C1 +C2 +C3
2x 2x x+4 5x+4 2x x+4
1 2x 2x
=(5x+4) 1 x+4 2x
1 2x x+4
Determinants
1 2x 2x
=(5x+4) 0 -(x - 4) 0 Applying R2 R2 -R1 and R 3 R 3 -R 2
0 x - 4 -(x - 4)
=(5x+4)(4- x)2
=R.H.S
Determinants
Example -9
Using properties of determinants, prove that
Solution :
x+9 x x
L.H.S= x x+9 x
x x x+9
3x+9 x x
= 3x+9 x+9 x Applying C1 C1 +C2 +C3
3x+9 x x+9
Determinants
Solution Cont.
1 x x
=(3x+9) 1 x+9 x
1 x x+9
1 x x
=3 x+3 0 9 0 Applying R 2 R 2 -R1 and R 3 R 3 -R 2
0 -9 9
Determinants
Example -10
Show that
Solution :
(b+c)2 a2 bc b2 +c2 a2 bc
L.H.S.= (c +a)2 b2 ca = c2 +a2 b2 ca Applying C1 C1 - 2C3
(a+b)2 c2 ab a2 +b2 c2 ab
a2 +b2 +c2 a2 bc
a2 +b2 +c2 b2 ca Applying C1 C1 +C2
a2 +b2 +c2 c2 ab
1 a2 bc
=(a2 +b2 +c2 ) 1 b2 ca
1 c2 ab Determinants
Solution Cont.
1 a2 bc
=(a2 +b2 +c2) 0 (b- a)(b+a) c(a-b) Applying R 2 R 2 -R1 and R 3 R 3 -R 2
0 (c -b)(c+b) a(b- c)
1 a2 bc
=(a2 +b2 +c2 )(a-b)(b- c) 0 -(b+a) c
0 -(b+c) a
Determinants
Solution of System of 2 Linear
Equations (Cramer’s Rule)
a2 x +b2y = c2 ...ii
D1 D2
Then x = , y= provided D 0,
D D
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
where D = , D1 = and D2 =
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
Determinants
Cramer’s Rule (Con.)
Note :
1 If D 0,
2 If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = 0,
Determinants
Example
Using Cramer's rule , solve the following
system of equations 2x-3y=7, 3x+y=5
Solution :
2 -3
D= = 2+9 =11 0
3 1
7 -3
D1 = =7+15=22
5 1
2 7
D2 = =10-21=-11
3 5
D0
D1 22 D -11
By Cramer's Rule x = = =2 and y = 2 = =-1
D 11 D 11
Determinants
Solution of System of 3 Linear
Equations (Cramer’s Rule)
Let the system of linear equations be
a1x +b1y +c1z = d1 ... i
D1 D2 D3
Then x = , y= , z= provided D 0,
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1
where D = a2 b2 c2 , D1 = d2 b2 c2 , D2 = a2 d2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3
a1 b1 d1
and D3 = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 d3 Determinants
Cramer’s Rule (Con.)
Note:
Determinants
Example
Using Cramer's rule , solve the following
system of equations
5x - y+ 4z = 5
2x + 3y+ 5z = 2
5x - 2y + 6z = -1
Solution :
5 -1 4 = 5(18+10)+1(12+5)+4(-4 +3)
D1 = 2 3 5 = 140 +17 –4
-1 -2 6 = 153
Determinants
Solution Cont.
5 -1 5
= 5(-3 +4)+1(-2 - 10)+5(-4-15)
D3 = 2 3 2 = 5 – 12 – 95 = 5 - 107
5 -2 -1 = - 102
D0
D1 153 D 102
By Cramer's Rule x = = = 3, y = 2 = =2
D 51 D 51
D3 -102
and z = = = -2
D 51
Determinants
Example
Solve the following system of homogeneous linear equations:
x + y – z = 0, x – 2y + z = 0, 3x + 6y + -5z = 0
Solution:
1 1 - 1
We have D = 1 -2 1 = 1 10 - 6 - 1 -5 - 3 - 1 6 + 6
3 6 - 5
= 4 + 8 - 12 = 0
x + y = k, x – 2y = -k
Determinants
Solution (Con.)
k 1
D1 -k -2 -2k + k k
By Cramer's rule x = = = =
D 1 1 -2 - 1 3
1 -2
1 k
D2 1 -k -k - k 2k
y= = = =
D 1 1 -2 - 1 3
1 -2
k 2k
x= , y= , z = k , where k R
3 3
Determinants