Simple Linear Regression

Simple Linear Regression
 Simple Linear Regression Model

 Least Squares Method
 Coefficient of Determination
 Model Assumptions
 Testing for Significance
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 Managerial decisions often are based on the

relationship between two or more variables.
 Regression analysis can be used to develop an
equation showing how the variables are related.
 The variable being predicted is called the dependent
variable and is denoted by y.
 The variables being used to predict the value of the
dependent variable are called the independent
variables and are denoted by x.
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 Simple linear regression involves one independent

variable and one dependent variable.
 The relationship between the two variables is
approximated by a straight line.
 Regression analysis involving two or more
independent variables is called multiple regression.
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Simple Linear Regression Model
 The equation that describes how y is related to x and

an error term is called the regression model.
 The simple linear regression model is:
y = b0 + b1x +e
where:
b0 and b1 are called parameters of the model,
e is a random variable called the error term.
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Simple Linear Regression Equation
 The simple linear regression equation is:
E(y) = b0 + b1x
• Graph of the regression equation is a straight line.

• b0 is the y intercept of the regression line.
• b1 is the slope of the regression line.
• E(y) is the expected value of y for a given x value.
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 Positive Linear Relationship
E(y)
Regression line
Intercept Slope b1
b0
is positive
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 Negative Linear Relationship
E(y)
Intercept
b0 Regression line
Slope b1
is negative
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 No Relationship
E(y)
Intercept Regression line

b0
Slope b1
is 0
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Estimated Simple Linear Regression Equation
 The estimated simple linear regression equation
ŷ  b0  b1 x
• The graph is called the estimated regression line.

• b0 is the y intercept of the line.
• b1 is the slope of the line.
• ŷis the estimated value of y for a given x value.
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Estimation Process
Regression Model Sample Data:

y = b0 + b1x +e x y
Regression Equation x1 y1
E(y) = b0 + b1x . .
Unknown Parameters . .
b0, b1 xn yn
Estimated
b0 and b1 Regression Equation
provide estimates of ŷ  b0  b1 x
b0 and b1 Sample Statistics
b0, b1
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Least Squares Method
 Least Squares Criterion
min  (y i  y i ) 2
where:
yi = observed value of the dependent variable
for the ith observation
y^i = estimated value of the dependent variable
for the ith observation
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 Slope for the Estimated Regression Equation
b1   ( x  x )( y  y )
i i
 (x  x ) i
2
where:
xi = value of independent variable for ith
observation
yi = value of dependent variable for ith
_ observation
x = mean value for independent variable
_
y = mean value for dependent variable
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 y-Intercept for the Estimated Regression Equation
b0  y  b1 x
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 Example: Reed Auto Sales

Reed Auto periodically has a special week-long sale.
As part of the advertising campaign Reed runs one or
more television commercials during the weekend
preceding the sale. Data from a sample of 5 previous
sales are shown on the next slide.
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 Example: Reed Auto Sales
Number of Number of
TV Ads (x) Cars Sold (y)
1 14
3 24
2 18
1 17
3 27
Sx = 10 Sy = 100
x2 y  20
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Estimated Regression Equation
 Slope for the Estimated Regression Equation
b1   ( xi  x )( y i  y ) 20
 5
 ( xi  x ) 2
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 y-Intercept for the Estimated Regression Equation
b0  y  b1 x  20  5(2)  10
 Estimated Regression Equation
yˆ  10  5x
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Coefficient of Determination
 Relationship Among SST, SSR, SSE
SST = SSR + SSE
 i
( y  y ) 2
  i
( ˆ
y  y ) 2
  i i
( y  ˆ
y ) 2
where:
SST = total sum of squares
SSR = sum of squares due to regression
SSE = sum of squares due to error
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 The coefficient of determination is:
r2 = SSR/SST
where:
SSR = sum of squares due to regression
SST = total sum of squares
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r2 = SSR/SST = 100/114 = .8772

The regression relationship is very strong; 87.72%
of the variability in the number of cars sold can be
explained by the linear relationship between the
number of TV ads and the number of cars sold.
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Sample Correlation Coefficient
rxy  (sign of b1 ) Coefficient of Determination

rxy  (sign of b1 ) r 2
where:
b1 = the slope of the estimated regression
equation yˆ  b0  b1 x
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Sample Correlation Coefficient
rxy  (sign of b1 ) r 2
yˆ  10  is
The sign of b1 in the equation 5 x“+”.
rxy = + .8772
rxy = +.9366
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Assumptions About the Error Term e
1. The error e is a random variable with mean of zero.
2. The variance of e , denoted by  2, is the same for

all values of the independent variable.
3. The values of e are independent.
4. The error e is a normally distributed random

variable.
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Testing for Significance
To test for a significant regression relationship, we

must conduct a hypothesis test to determine whether
the value of b1 is zero.
Two tests are commonly used:

t Test and F Test
Both the t test and F test require an estimate of  2,

the variance of e in the regression model.
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 An Estimate of  2
The mean square error (MSE) provides the estimate
of  2, and the notation s2 is also used.
s 2 = MSE = SSE/(n  2)
where:
SSE   ( yi  yˆ i ) 2   ( yi  b0  b1 xi ) 2
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 An Estimate of 
• To estimate  we take the square root of  2.
• The resulting s is called the standard error of
the estimate.
SSE
s  MSE 
n2
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Testing for Significance: t Test
 Hypotheses
H0 : b1  0
H a : b1  0
 Test Statistic
b1 s
t where sb1 
sb1 S( xi  x ) 2
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 Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if p-value < 

or t < -t or t > t
where:
t is based on a t distribution
with n - 2 degrees of freedom
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1. Determine the hypotheses. H0 : b1  0

H a : b1  0
2. Specify the level of significance.  = .05
b1
3. Select the test statistic. t 
sb1
4. State the rejection rule. Reject H0 if p-value < .05

or |t| > 3.182 (with
3 degrees of freedom)
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5. Compute the value of the test statistic.

b1 5
t   4.63
sb1 1.08
6. Determine whether to reject H0.

t = 4.541 provides an area of .01 in the upper
tail. Hence, the p-value is less than .02. (Also,
t = 4.63 > 3.182.) We can reject H0.
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Testing for Significance: F Test
 Hypotheses
H0 : b1  0
H a : b1  0
 Test Statistic
F = MSR/MSE
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 Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if
p-value < 
or F > F
where:
F is based on an F distribution with
1 degree of freedom in the numerator and
n - 2 degrees of freedom in the denominator
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1. Determine the hypotheses. H0 : b1  0

H a : b1  0
2. Specify the level of significance.  = .05
3. Select the test statistic. F = MSR/MSE
4. State the rejection rule. Reject H0 if p-value < .05

or F > 10.13 (with 1 d.f.
in numerator and
3 d.f. in denominator)
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5. Compute the value of the test statistic.
F = MSR/MSE = 100/4.667 = 21.43
6. Determine whether to reject H0.

F = 17.44 provides an area of .025 in the upper
tail. Thus, the p-value corresponding to F = 21.43
is less than .025. Hence, we reject H0.
The statistical evidence is sufficient to conclude
that we have a significant relationship between the
number of TV ads aired and the number of cars sold.
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Simple Linear Regression

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Simple Linear Regression

 Simple Linear Regression Model

 Managerial decisions often are based on the

 Simple linear regression involves one independent

 The equation that describes how y is related to x and

 The simple linear regression equation is:

• Graph of the regression equation is a straight line.

 Positive Linear Relationship

 Negative Linear Relationship

Intercept Regression line

 The estimated simple linear regression equation

• The graph is called the estimated regression line.

Regression Model Sample Data:

 Least Squares Criterion

 Slope for the Estimated Regression Equation

 y-Intercept for the Estimated Regression Equation

 Example: Reed Auto Sales

 Example: Reed Auto Sales

 Slope for the Estimated Regression Equation

 Relationship Among SST, SSR, SSE

SST = SSR + SSE

 The coefficient of determination is:

r2 = SSR/SST = 100/114 = .8772

rxy  (sign of b1 ) Coefficient of Determination

1. The error e is a random variable with mean of zero.

2. The variance of e , denoted by  2, is the same for

3. The values of e are independent.

4. The error e is a normally distributed random

To test for a significant regression relationship, we

Two tests are commonly used:

Both the t test and F test require an estimate of  2,

Reject H0 if p-value < 

1. Determine the hypotheses. H0 : b1  0

4. State the rejection rule. Reject H0 if p-value < .05

5. Compute the value of the test statistic.

6. Determine whether to reject H0.

1. Determine the hypotheses. H0 : b1  0

2. Specify the level of significance.  = .05

3. Select the test statistic. F = MSR/MSE

4. State the rejection rule. Reject H0 if p-value < .05

5. Compute the value of the test statistic.

F = MSR/MSE = 100/4.667 = 21.43

6. Determine whether to reject H0.

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