Genetika dan

ekspresi gen
pada eukariot
dan prokariot
 Structure of eucaryotic cells

lysosomes cell membrane

mitochondria
nucleus

nucleolus rEPR (ribosomes)

sEPR
centrosome

cytoplasm Golgi
Structural hierarchy in
chromosome formation

sequence helix

nucleosome chromatide
Dogma of molecular biology

genome < transcriptome <

proteome
1 gene  10 or more proteins
 Stages of gene expression
initiation
DNA transcription DNA  pre-RNA elongation
termination

RNA processing splicing, editing,

Pre-RNA  m-RNA
encapping

initiation
Protein synthesis elongation
m-RNA  protein
termination
glycosylation,
post-transcriptional
modification lipidolation
limited proteolysis
 Structure of mammalian genes
REGUL- REGUL-
STRUCTURE
ATION ATION
I1 I2
E1 E2 E3
5‘ 3‘

promoter
E - exons (coding)
enhancer
I - introns (non-coding)

silencer
 Processes involved in gene
transcription
start stop
DNA E1 E2 E3
poly A termination
signal signals
transcription + capping
CAP

pre-mRNA polyadenylation
AAAAAA

splicing
mRNA
AAAAA
start stop
 Induction of gene transcription

under resting conditions many gene are inactive since their

regulatory elements are blocked by nuclear histones

activation

histone modification

transcription factor activation

REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN
PADA EUKARIOT
 MODIFIKASI KROMATIN/HISTON
 METILASI DNA
Penempelan gugus metil (CH3) pada basa
DNA, utamanya Citosin.
 ASETILASI HISTON
Penempelan gugus asetil (COCH3) pada
protein histon – sehingga cengkraman
histon pada DNA melemah
DEASETILASI
 INTERAKSI
FAKTOR TRANSKRIPSI
DENGAN DNA
PROMOTER
ENHANCER
SILENCER
RESPONSE ELEMENT
Promoter is the DNA region where the
transcription initiation takes place. In
prokaryotes, the sequence of a promoter is
recognized by the Sigma (s) factor of the RNA
polymerase. In eukaryotes, it is recognized by
RNA pol II.
Enhancers are the positive regulatory
elements located either upstream or
downstream of the transcriptional initiation
site. However, most of them are located
upstream. In prokaryotes, enhancers are
quite close to the promoter, but eukaryotic
enhancers could be far from the promoter.
Silencers are the DNA elements which
interact with repressors (proteins) to inhibit
transcription. In prokaryotes, silencers are
known as operators, found in many genes
such as lac operon and trp operon. In
eukaryotes, the following genes have been
demonstrated to contain silencers
Response elements are the recognition sites of certain
transcription factors. Most of them are located within 1
kb from the transcriptional start site.

Response Element Transcription Factor Consensus Sequence

CRE CREB TGACGTCA

ERE Estrogen receptor AGGTCANNNTGACCT

GRE Glucocorticoid receptor AGAACANNNTGTTCT

HSE Heat shock factor GAANNTTCNNGAA

SRE Serum response factor CC(A/T)6GG

Table 4-C-4. Eukaryotic response elements.

*(A/T)6 means six A or T; N = any.
Principle mechanism of
transcriptional gene activation
MODEL REGULASI
TRANSKRIPSI
DOMAIN PENGIKATAN FAKTOR
TRANSKRIPSI (HORMON) PADA
RESEPTORNYA DENGAN DNA
ZINC FINGER
LEUCINE ZIPPER
HELIX – TURN - HELIX
REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN PADA KANKER
Regulation by glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoid receptor
binding
ekspresi gen pada prokariot
Struktur lac Operon
Ekspresi gen – Transkripsi
Ekspresi gen – Transkripsi
Kerja Molekul Represor
Kerja Molekul Induser
Keadaan Glukosa Tinggi
Keadaan Glukosa Rendah
Kerja molekul Trp
Kerja molekul Trp